tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7524662807962823162024-03-04T21:46:24.461-08:00സത്യം സനാതനംസ്വധര്മം അറിയാന് ആചരിക്കാന്സത്യം സനാതനംhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13094826040532201226noreply@blogger.comBlogger38125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-752466280796282316.post-74779834873735493212015-05-26T21:07:00.000-07:002015-05-26T21:07:35.545-07:00House of Commons<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> Koumudi Patil & Joy Sen <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Scholarship
in architecture and building techniques has time and again urged us to study the
scientific and sustainable rational embodied in evolved indigenous systems.
Such practices have often adapted seamlessly to the topographic and climatic
exigencies of our subcontinent. Moreover, they are also perceived as
collaborative rather than confrontational; thus offering suitable solutions to
the alarming man-nature conflict.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">However,
much of what was known is either lost or inadaptable to the contemporary living
requirements. This study is not intended to eulogise or museumise our past.
Instead, through a few collated instances, we attempt to bring on the table an
urgent need to scientifically explore methods of rejuvenating some of these
valuable practices, by gaining knowledge from onsite field experience as well
as theoretical modelling and historical reconstruction. With careful analysis,
many of these practices can address our contemporary needs of sustainability,
safety as well as frugal resources. After all, it will neither be intelligent
nor efficient to reinvent the wheel at every age.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">As the
summer settles in, it may be most appropriate to begin our dialogue with
climate responsive architecture. How did ancient India survive the scorching
summer, brutal winter, torrential monsoon and humid spring?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Classical
texts of architecture such as Mansara and Mayamatam explain the established
system of qualified sthapatis (architects), engineers, carpenters, plumbers and
local masons working under the patrons of kings or kingdoms. A city described
in these texts always comes across as planned and systematically executed
construction. Puranas, Agamas and Shilpashastras list definite stages of city
planning: bhu-sangrah (study of the site), bhu-pariksha (examination of the
site), dikpariched (determination of the cardinal points), padavinyas (survey
of the ground), bhu-vidhan (transferring on the ground the layout conceived in
planning) and grihanirman (design/construction of the buildings). In fact, the
idea of the vastu mandala is as old as the Rig Veda, where a whole sukta is
dedicated to building traditions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The 16
mahajanapadas, as recorded in the early buddhist and jain texts, were just not
socio-political confederations, but a system of regional variations of
architectural styles subject to varying impacts of climate, available
resources, riparian impacts and the intensity of flora and fauna. For example,
the Magadhan tradition in today’s Bihar (buddhist vihara) exhibited built-forms
based on its relatively arid climate compared with the Anga-Pragjyotisha
(Bengal-Assam) belt in response to the available fertile green land. Hence,
even the colour, size and nature of bricks (called istaka) varied in the two
mahajanapadas, besides the design of the courtyards and allied open spaces. The
distant Assam-Bengal and Kerala built-form traditions displayed similar
approaches based on a common pack of maritime and saline impacts of backwaters
and sea-based commerce.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlZerh5Q44kcbrYGru3qMkK-mmKN-wuJ_oZ58JIM_qZLHIAs1GVn1-X8hyphenhyphen6cH0wgrjvCBePTuSEqF5dtVhl4ESWAsaKRfAIyjvfUYPlfWzB9y5hm_nXGKoeIOFfBr_MZO36UctbF-xkXV-/s1600/orcha.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlZerh5Q44kcbrYGru3qMkK-mmKN-wuJ_oZ58JIM_qZLHIAs1GVn1-X8hyphenhyphen6cH0wgrjvCBePTuSEqF5dtVhl4ESWAsaKRfAIyjvfUYPlfWzB9y5hm_nXGKoeIOFfBr_MZO36UctbF-xkXV-/s320/orcha.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 17.1200008392334px; text-align: justify;">Sawan Bhadon pillars of Orcha</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Likewise,
wind catchers, intricate jaalis or hollow walls, amongst many others, are
evolved techniques for temperature as well as humidity control. Wind catchers
are airshafts, which capture the prevailing wind and circulate cool air to the
underground halls of the royal durbars during summer months. The twin towers of
Orchha, Madhya Pradesh, called the Sawan Bhadon pillars were perforated on the
top to ‘catch the wind’. The base was connected to a reservoir of water ingeniously
feeding the fountain — chandan katora. The hot wind caught by the towers was
cooled down not only by its long downward passage, but also by the waters. Even
simple perforated walls like the jaalis (deeply carved patterns) in Rajasthan
minimise heat gain by providing shade. Such devices also result in increased
convective transfer of heat because of increased surface area. Similarly, the
thick wide walls sometimes made hollow, as in the Bhool Bhualliya of Lucknow or
Akbar’s Fathepur Sikri complex near Agra, were good insulators of heat as well
as sound.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The
common man’s house, however, was a different tale. It is not known whether the
sthapati was involved with the typology of the common houses. But irrespective
of the sthapati, if there was any, it is well known that the vernacular
structures were a result of community-shared knowledge. The vernacular
knowledge of the courtyard effect, stack effect, use of local materials and
efficient adaptation to local topography were well known in the practices of
the past. In many famous instances like Nath-malji’s haveli in Jaisalmer built
in the 19th century by Diwan Mohata Nathmal, the prime minister of the local
ruler, as well as in most common houses, the courtyard is a common site. It
acts as an air funnel discharging indoor air into the sky, resulting in
improved thermal comfort of its adjacent areas. Similarly, recessed windows,
jaalis and the light wells of Lucknow’s Imambara are not only a source of
light, but also of ventilation and thermal transfer.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAfKR2HAlXhwdxkx6u4VeHIqj2OHRjrh6Vw3aLUkdbQn3zf5cLvasHFuYoPhaav3cLCdNbcpHYVUhG8_aw1PrF0Nxmv-wGQARabnFauMFBFy2vQxWQsZ9DSU3rcIHJ8e0RuhzxeQOHG2Ph/s1600/sringavepura.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAfKR2HAlXhwdxkx6u4VeHIqj2OHRjrh6Vw3aLUkdbQn3zf5cLvasHFuYoPhaav3cLCdNbcpHYVUhG8_aw1PrF0Nxmv-wGQARabnFauMFBFy2vQxWQsZ9DSU3rcIHJ8e0RuhzxeQOHG2Ph/s320/sringavepura.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The
value of water to Indians can be understood from the plethora of water
harvesting and conservation systems found in different topographies across the
country. Zings, vavs, tanks, kund, surangam and scores of other such structures
are well established in the architectural typology of India. The most ambitious
amongst these might be the water tank at Shringverpur, Allahabad, dating back
to the 1st century AD. If the current hypothesis of renowned archaeologist and
former director general of Archaeological Survey of India (1968 -72) Braj Bansi
Lal is held correct, this flood harvesting technique channelled the flood
waters of the Ganga for about a kilometre to feed the tank with a capacity of
6.5 million litres (storage tank alone). This huge construction is divided into three tanks: inlet tank may have been used purely for
desilting through sedimentation, from which water flowed into the storage tank
for use by citizens; another storage tank that even had wells in its dug in its
floor to further recharge the ground water during monsoon; and the last tank,
which might have been a small votive tank followed by the spilling outlets
through which the overflow was released back.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">One of
the ongoing studies at SandHI, IIT Kanpur suggests that the use of the
beautiful steps at Chand Baoli in a little town of Abhaneri in Rajasthan made
internationally famous by the latest Batman movie The Dark Knight might not
have served an aesthetic purpose alone The tank was built by King Chanda of the
Nikumbha Dynasty between 800 AD and 900 AD. Simulation of daylight on this
structure has revealed that an inverted pyramid with a stepped motif is an
optimal form for shadowing the wall which prevents its heating. Of course,
lower heating results in lower evaporation. The folklore in Rajasthan,
poetically describes the rational behind such a form — paani ko suraj ki chori
se bachana hai. (Don’t let the sun steal the water.) With this mantra in hand,
the non-engineering communities of Rajasthan have built ingenious water
harvesting structures that are a perennial source of water supply in a region
that receives less than 10 cm of annual rainfall. In particular, by encouraging
a shift from ‘produce’ to ‘fixed’ and then to cash rents, the British
administration upset the procedures and protocols between tenants and landlords
over the question of the maintenance of such evolved water systems, leading to
their gradual demise.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkpkUFVDJ4HdQk5OLHTGAZPTKrNLrZuo9nvXSZ86IhXM5O8aGNRWR2HulO6lCyxEZ_D8PyqgpJ7X8yEktvHY_gn4zTJOBCfJtGnP2OAtBEw8aH-wk5J7u3_krltqcE7mW_-nymZnoSWzNw/s1600/baoli.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="87" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkpkUFVDJ4HdQk5OLHTGAZPTKrNLrZuo9nvXSZ86IhXM5O8aGNRWR2HulO6lCyxEZ_D8PyqgpJ7X8yEktvHY_gn4zTJOBCfJtGnP2OAtBEw8aH-wk5J7u3_krltqcE7mW_-nymZnoSWzNw/s400/baoli.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">Computer simulations of Chand Baoli in Abhineri, Rajasthan that replicate the ingenious optimal wall shadowing which prevents water evaporation; A) east face at 12.30 in April; (B) south face at 12.30 in April; (C) west face at 15.30 in April; (D) south face at 15.30 in April</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Wherever
such colonial laws have been defied, indigenous systems are again proving
resourceful. Rajendra Singh, the waterman of Rajasthan flouted these colonial
laws umpteen times to build johads. This has not only replenished several dried
wells, but also miraculously rejuvenated rivers that were lying dry for more
than 60 years.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Not
only the canals, but also much of the sanitation and storm water lines in Indus
cities had perfect rendition of slopes, privy connections, inspection pits
placed at grids, and a framework based on geometric patterns of brick kerbing
and corbelling.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Over 75
per cent of the built environment of Mohenjodaro and Harappa was carved out of
the famous ‘English bond’ known to Indians almost 5,000 years before the
British claimed to introduce it in India. Knowledge of orthogonal geometry and
town planning layout based on the ‘grid-iron’ pattern were known 1,500 years
prior to the ancient City of Miletus (1,500 BCE) in Anatolia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Earthquake
safety has also been a matter of concern in many regions in India.
Interestingly, it has been tackled effectively through simple frugal solutions
that can only be described as beautiful. Construction and design practices like
dhajji diwari, kathkuni, koti-banal, taaq and others have shown better seismic
response than contemporary construction in the same regions. It was astounding
to see the dhajji diwari of the Kashmiri houses withstanding the 2005
earthquake measuring a magnitude of 7.6. The term dhajji diwari may have its
origin in Persian, referring to a “patchwork quilt wall”. The wall is made of a
timber frame with a stone-mortar infill. Observing its seismic resistance,
close to 10,000 houses in Kashmir were reconstructed in the aftermath of the
earthquake using this age-old technique.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjamKuv_iyuKykUYK27OOw_mMLe_VTKfGLoXeF2jHAfvUz8CzKhA2IHCKsPNxoUB-QGr7rLu-BuOjhrVG0uH6cFmnbJ9rNC4Syge63DRDU_JHduiYzUCkAUz21QiBCa3tSzz0-davqFMWKG/s1600/s-UNESCOPoster1-DDV_7%2528usa%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjamKuv_iyuKykUYK27OOw_mMLe_VTKfGLoXeF2jHAfvUz8CzKhA2IHCKsPNxoUB-QGr7rLu-BuOjhrVG0uH6cFmnbJ9rNC4Syge63DRDU_JHduiYzUCkAUz21QiBCa3tSzz0-davqFMWKG/s320/s-UNESCOPoster1-DDV_7%2528usa%2529.jpg" width="226" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 17.1200008392334px; text-align: justify;">UNESCO poster on dhajji diwari system</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Prof
Durgesh Rai from IIT Kanpur has conducted multiple shaking-table tests to draw
a detailed analysis of the earthquake resistant mechanisms of the dhajji
diwari. Similarly, the kathkuni style cleverly uses interlocking wooden
sleepers (usually cedar) and stones, forming a horizontal mesh with inherent
elasticity to resist seismic force.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Of
particular mention is the ingenious technique of using wedge shaped bricks to
prevent well walls from falling inwards during an earthquake. Wedge shaped
bricks lock together unlike rectangular or square bricks. Even the well-known
Roman engineers used rectangular linings in the well walls, often resulting in
their inward collapse due to the enormous pressure of the soil. Interestingly,
there is evidence of the use of wedge shaped bricks in wells close to
Allahabad, even until 1950s. This is of significance considering the continuity
of this knowledge from Harappan times till now.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Besides
building techniques, it is surprising to read the meticulously drafted rules
and regulations guiding the use of personal buildings as well as other civic
architecture. Amongst others, Arthashastra makes elaborate mention of fire
safety regulations. The regulations imposed heavy penalty against any resident
who did not separate the cooking stove from the wall with a line of water pots.
Kitchen window or walls were prohibited from facing the kitchen wall of another
house. In case of a fire mishap at a site in which fire safety regulations had
been violated, the owner was forced to bear the reconstruction expenses of not
only his own house, but also that of the property of other citizens, which was
damaged due to his negligence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Such
detailed understanding of not only the design and construction of a building,
but also of the civic responsibilities of a citizen, give a glimpse of the
refined civic sensibilities of our civilisation. Alas! such knowledge as well
as its practice has slowly disappeared from our contemporary living
surroundings. Today, modernism has a tendency to achieve a universal lifeless
homogenisation by suppressing free and creative attempts in local contexts and
in local practice. Therefore, we assert a contemporary need to establish a
dialogue with tradition, holistically framed through the lens of science and
build a science-heritage interface.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(Dr
Koumudi Patil is assistant professor in the department of humanities and social
sciences and design programme at IIT Kanpur. Email: kppatil@iitk.ac.in<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dr Joy
Sen is professor in the department of architecture and regional planning at IIT
Kharagpur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">the article was published in Financial Chronicle, Tuesday April 28 2015</span></div>
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സത്യം സനാതനംhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13094826040532201226noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-752466280796282316.post-15666648247896397402015-05-13T10:11:00.000-07:002015-05-13T10:21:29.774-07:00Made in India-Vedic texts give us unique insights into the development of ancient Indian metallurgy<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Prof RK Dube<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Man and metals have an
age-old relationship. Different periods of early human civilisation have been
named after metals. The attributes of gold influenced the mind and heart of
Indians so much so that they conferred upon the supreme spirit the designation
of hirnyagarbha. It was so called, because he remains in a golden egg as an
embryo. The two important sources for the history of Indian metallurgy are
archaeological excavations and literary evidence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Although a considerable
amount of information on this subject from the study of archaeological finds is
available, literary evidence has not been studied to the extent it deserves.
Unique information related to metals and metallurgy is available in different
Sanskrit texts beginning with Vedic texts to medieval and pre-modern texts.
There are both direct and indirect types of references. An attempt has been
made here to give a glimpse of some such references.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1Thj6OoBuMv35UQJEsNlDwE-YELyhNrY1996aSb_542E1uom-WCQPIcfovTpCjuc-jKed_AebtyWX0K8FjsYyk4M8kk9oCzBfe3eOyWEDH4I7h6RW8DnBSIB3HAPzlkmEeilVQaADcxgr/s1600/north+pak.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1Thj6OoBuMv35UQJEsNlDwE-YELyhNrY1996aSb_542E1uom-WCQPIcfovTpCjuc-jKed_AebtyWX0K8FjsYyk4M8kk9oCzBfe3eOyWEDH4I7h6RW8DnBSIB3HAPzlkmEeilVQaADcxgr/s320/north+pak.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig 1</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Figure 1- Geological map of northern areas of Pakistan showing concentration of gold in rock samples. from the report of Integration of Geological, Geochemical and Remote Sensing Data for Finding Source Rocks for Gold in the Northern Areas of Pakistan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Rigveda has widely
referred to hiranya, which is the oldest Sanskrit word for gold. It has also
mentioned products made from gold, such as water vessel, necklace and visor.
Chariots decorated with gold have also been mentioned. The Rigveda (10.75.8)
mentioned that the river Sindhu (Indus) contains gold. The word hiranyayi was
used for the river. Another Rigveda hymn (8.26.18), states that the path of the
river Sindhu contains gold, and the word used for it is hiranyavartanih. It is
interesting to note that Sayana translated this word as hiranmayobhayakula,
i.e., both banks containing gold. The above hymns are some of the earliest
indirect references to the alluvial placer gold deposits in India. The river
Sindhu was an important source of gold in ancient times. It is interesting to
note that the references for the availability of alluvial placer gold in the
river Sindhu are also reported in modern times. Tucci reported in 1977 that
“there were near the Indus (Sindhu) source, as there are even now, great mines
of gold in the region of the Mānasarovar and in Thokjalung.” Further, in the
itinerary in Khotanese Saka from Gilgit to Chilas (written between 958-972 AD)
the Indus is called Ysarnijittāji — the golden river, which is not a mere
poetic attribute, but a reality.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Gold obtained from the
river Jambu was called jambunada and that from the river Ganga was called
gangeya. These were also, alluvial placer gold. The Pali text Anguttara Nikaya
narrated the process of the recovery of gold dust or particles from alluvial
placer gold deposits in allegorical form.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Mahabharata
referred to pipilika gold (ants’ gold). Heaps of this type of gold was
presented to the king Yudhishthira at the time of the rajasuya yagna ceremony.
Pipilika gold was powdery in nature and of high purity. It was obtained by
panning the auriferous soil of ant hills formed by ants or termites as a part
of their nature on the land containing placer gold deposits and hence the name ants’
gold. Kautilya described a variety of gold called rasaviddha, which was
naturally occurring dissolved gold in liquid form. He stated that one pala (a
measure) of this solution converts one hundred palas of silver or copper into
gold, which refers to the cementation of gold on the surface of metals like
silver and copper. A similar type of dissolved gold known as hatakaprabhasa was
mentioned in Gandavyuha sutra. Kalidas also mentioned such gold solutions and
termed it kanaka rasa. It is astonishing to note how people recognised such
gold solutions in the past.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Native gold is
invariably by no means a pure metal. It contains up to 20 per cent silver,
copper, iron, lead, bismuth, platinum group metals and other metals, as
impurities. Thus native gold would have different colours depending upon the
nature and amount of impurities present. It is logical to assume that the
different colours of native gold were a major driving force for the development
of gold refining process. Although evidence of gold refining is available in
Vedic texts in an allegory form, it was the Arthashastra of Kautilya, which
presented it in detail.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Gold refining was a
two-stage process. The first stage was the melting of impure gold along with
lead, which removed base metal impurities, but not noble metals like silver.
The second stage was to heat impure gold sheets with the soil of Sindhu state,
which contained salt. The sodium chloride present in the soil reacted with
silver and the resulting silver chloride absorbed in the surrounding soil. This
was a solid state process, which involved diffusion of silver in impure gold
and the subsequent formation of silver chloride at the gold-soil interface.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It is important to note
that Kautilya stated that the starting sheet of impure gold must be thin, as
this would improve the kinetics of the solid state refining. Usage of gold in
granular form, as was the case at least in part in the Sardis refinery of the
Lydian kingdom of Anatolia, would result in lower yield.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Another important metal
referred to in Rigveda is ayas. It has a shining appearance. Ayas has different
meanings in different periods. In early Vedic period, it means either copper or
copper alloys. One of the important products made from ayas, as stated in the
Rigveda, was the weapon of Indra called vajra. It was made by the process of
sinchan (casting). In the later Vedic period ayas or karshnayas means iron. In
the Atharvaveda, rajata (silver), trapu (tin) and sisa (lead) have been
mentioned.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxO-U9YYLSG7gWfQRYkHC4ezWry2S_M7Kj7yaAXuTGJc1WzAB1IBsME-pJiZNma-05wocBsCW93Lc0XirIrH6qM2YqCdMqZvstLNlZB60Vwz-_nYrsRdex68NOqahqdWQRaL6XyrmmgWyj/s1600/iron.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxO-U9YYLSG7gWfQRYkHC4ezWry2S_M7Kj7yaAXuTGJc1WzAB1IBsME-pJiZNma-05wocBsCW93Lc0XirIrH6qM2YqCdMqZvstLNlZB60Vwz-_nYrsRdex68NOqahqdWQRaL6XyrmmgWyj/s320/iron.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Kautilya also described
the method for refining silver, which was similar to the first stage process
used in gold refining. Further, Kautilya stated a very interesting qualitative
test for ensuring the purity of cast silver ingots. According to it, the
surface of the cast pure silver ingots should exhibit an appearance of chulika,
i.e., projections similar to a cock’s comb. In other words, the top surface of
the pure silver ingot has a rising appearance at certain places. In fact, this
is a reference to the spitting and sprouting behaviour of silver. Oxygen
dissolves readily in molten silver. Molten silver dissolves approximately 20
times its own volume of oxygen near the melting point at one atmosphere
pressure of oxygen. Just below the melting point, the solid silver can dissolve
oxygen only up to half its own volume under similar conditions.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The large difference in
solubility of oxygen in the liquid and solid state causes the evolution of
oxygen during solidification of molten silver. Bubbles of oxygen are then given
off, resulting in “spitting” at the free surface. As a result, liquid silver
from the interior is ejected on the surface of the ingot and a shape similar to
a cock’s comb is formed on the top surface after solidification. This author
carried out the experimental replication of the formation of chulika on a small
size cast pure silver (see picture). If silver contains base metals such as
lead and copper, then the dissolved oxygen would combine with it to form
respective oxides. In such a situation, the phenomenon of spitting would not be
observed and the surface would be smooth.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In this context, it is
interesting to note that the law governing the solubility of gases in metals,
known as Sievert’s law, came into existence only in the early 20th century.
However, ancient Indians recognised the practical aspect of Sievert’s law in
judging the purity of silver.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">There is a rich
Sanskrit terminology for metals, from which interesting information on history
of metallurgy can be derived. Only a few uncommon terms would be cited. Silver
has a tendency to tarnish. It tarnishes readily when exposed to atmosphere
containing sulphur, and looks blackish. Due to this characteristic, an uncommon
Sanskrit name of silver is durvarna. The copper produced in Nepal was called
naipalika or nepalaka, and was of high purity. Tin recovered from lead-tin
alloy was called nagaja, i.e., “that obtained from naga (lead)”. Similarly, tin
recovered from the impure gold containing tin was called svarnaja. India was
not rich in tin metal. Our ancestors were conscious of this problem and also
exploited secondary sources for tin recovery. The presence of lead adversely
affects the characteristics of gold and hence it was also called as hemaghna.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
Rasaratnasamuchchaya described three types of ferrous materials, viz. munda, tiksna
and kanta. When iron ore pieces are reduced by charcoal in solid state, iron
blocks containing porosity results. For this reason the reduced iron blocks are
also called sponge iron blocks. Any useful products can only be obtained from
this material after removing the residual porosity by hot forging. The hot
forged sponge iron blocks are also termed as wrought iron. Munda was wrought
iron. As the name suggests tiksna has superior hardness as compared to munda.
Tiksna represented crucible steel made by liquid metallurgy and also probably
further carburised wrought iron. Special varieties of iron were called kanta.
An exciting example of wrought iron produced in ancient India is the world
famous Delhi Iron Pillar. It was erected in the present position in Delhi in
the 5th century AD by king Chandra Varman. However, the engraved Sanskrit
inscription suggests that it was probably brought here from elsewhere in the
Gupta period. The average composition (wt%) of the wrought iron of the pillar
is- Fe- 0.15 C- 0.05 Si- 0.05 Mn- 0.25 P- 0.005 S- 0.05 Ni- 0.03 Cu- 0.02 N.
The most significant aspect of the pillar is that there is no sign of any
corrosion, in spite of the fact that it has been exposed to the atmosphere for
about 1,600 years.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFCe4ZU5AhxAZiG0Q4zK4PAzR7fLYMF9pUoLmpf_IVfel_MhAKmWRwrPdh8Tf64Wl5i7RjtRJQGRMFCDLHk7op35QbULTxagF6mQhYdJsL1GYHDrF0HjnPmt9FOsd_8xn1JkSC6cOYYoeq/s1600/pillar.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFCe4ZU5AhxAZiG0Q4zK4PAzR7fLYMF9pUoLmpf_IVfel_MhAKmWRwrPdh8Tf64Wl5i7RjtRJQGRMFCDLHk7op35QbULTxagF6mQhYdJsL1GYHDrF0HjnPmt9FOsd_8xn1JkSC6cOYYoeq/s320/pillar.jpg" width="276" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Delhi Iron Pillar</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Another striking
feature of the pillar is its manufacturing technology. It was made by
successive hot forging of directly reduced sponge iron blocks produced from the
solid state reduction of iron ore by charcoal, in a die. The joint lines that
have not been completely removed by forging are clearly visible on the pillar.
This author discussed this aspect in detail and opined that this procedure is
basically very similar to current metal powder forging techniques, with a
difference that the latter is not usually used to make a long product by
joining pieces together (Powder Metallurgy, 1990, 33(2), 119). In both the
cases, hot forging in a die is done not only to give the required shape, but
also to remove the residual porosity present in the starting material.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Indian crucible steel
was a celebrated material worldwide. It was usually produced by simultaneous
carburisation and melting of wrought iron in closed crucibles. Valmiki referred
to it by the term “refined iron”. Kautilya termed it vratta, because it was of
circular shape. Dr Helenus Scott sent specimens of a variety of crucible steel,
available in Mumbai area, to Sir Joseph Banks, the then president of the Royal
Society, London, for experimental investigation in 1794. He referred to this
steel as wootz in his letter. Recent researches by this author have revealed
that the actual name of this steel was the Sanskrit utsa, which was erroneously
transliterated in Roman script as wootz by Scott. James Stodart, fellow of the
Royal Society, did extensive work on this steel and mastered its hot forging.
Stodart was so overwhelmed with its quality that he mentioned the name utsa in
Devanagari script on his trade card, along with a note that it is to be
preferred over the best steel in Europe. It was named utsa because it had a
characteristic of oozing out of low melting point liquid phase when heated to
moderate temperatures.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqBQIWmx3sQCoSlH1tPxnTI_eaPMmiWFLw5Ic1BKy-64gUwAlsQkL0b6xQLEehTybZ3EdEfRc4pUsgdjcQvrYq8KEMfqs6_oNsu2-ebyqEKTKyUK-YP5EKHQLqL_3WhoV5zs7K_7641WDB/s1600/sword1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqBQIWmx3sQCoSlH1tPxnTI_eaPMmiWFLw5Ic1BKy-64gUwAlsQkL0b6xQLEehTybZ3EdEfRc4pUsgdjcQvrYq8KEMfqs6_oNsu2-ebyqEKTKyUK-YP5EKHQLqL_3WhoV5zs7K_7641WDB/s320/sword1.jpg" width="305" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Weapons made of Wootz steel</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Historically brass, an
alloy of copper and zinc, was known to man much earlier than they were able to
extract zinc from its ore on a large scale. In early period zinc was designated
as sattva of zinc ore. In medieval period, it was designated as yashada in
Sanskrit. Zinc oxide, known as pushpanjan, has been referred to in Charak
Samhita. Rasaratnakar (second century AD) provides the earliest documentary
evidence for the cementation process for brass making and
reduction-distillation process for zinc extraction. Rasarnava and
Rasara-tnasamuchchaya described a typical crucible, known as vrintak, having a
shape similar to that of a long variety of brinjal, to be used for making the
reduction-distillation chamber. The basic principle of the process resembles
that of the largescale 12th century industrial process for zinc extraction
uncovered at Zawar near Udaipur. It is a unique discovery and the retorts used
at Zawar are similar to the vrintak crucible.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The Mahabharata and
some Puranas have referred to ferrous arrowheads, which were subjected to
‘tailadhauta’ treatment. Valmiki used this terminology in the context of battle
axe. Some of the commentaries of Ramayana have defined tailadhauta as the
process used for hardening (of ferrous objects). Clearly, this terminology was
used in the sense of oil quench-hardening of ferrous materials.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Manasollas, written in
1131 AD, gives detailed information on fine quality metal image casting by
madhuchchhishta vidhan (lost wax process). Both sushira (hollow) and ghana
(solid) images were cast. Although the documentary evidence is of a later
period, it had been used since a very long time ago. The famous bronze dancing
girl from Mohenjodaro was made by this process. Shilparatna (later part of 16th
century) has mentioned the process of making fine gold powder from thin gold
leaves for painting applications. The powder produced would have a flaky shape,
which gives higher covering area per unit mass.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In the Indian
tradition, people with expertise in technical disciplines were highly regarded.
This is reflected in a hymn of Atharvaveda, in which karmar (ironsmith or
metalsmith in general) has been called manishi, i.e., a wise or learned person.
Further, it has been stated in the Kavyamimansa (10th century AD) that
goldsmith, ironsmith and similar other people should also be invited by kings
in the kavya-pariksa sabha, i.e., literary meetings organised to judge the
scholarship of poets.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Metal technology, for
that matter, all other technologies, are human creations shaped historically by
context. The examples discussed here illustrate how ancient Indians solved
metallurgical challenges, which helped in the development of Indian metallurgy
and also the scientific and technological temper in the people of those times.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It is understandable
that most of the metal technologies of the past are not relevant in present
times. However, examples from the past can re-energise us towards encouraging
local innovations and enterprise at all levels. Finally, it is clear that Vedic
and classical Sanskrit texts are knowledge texts, and the study of Sanskrit has
value because Sanskrit is not just a classical language, but a vehicle of
discovering our knowledge inheritance and assessing its contemporary relevance.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">(Prof RK Dube is former
professor and head of the department of materials science and engineering at
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">This article was pu<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a>blished in financial
chronicle, Tuesday, April 21, 2015</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
സത്യം സനാതനംhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13094826040532201226noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-752466280796282316.post-40758029342478837072015-05-12T12:51:00.000-07:002015-05-12T12:57:21.494-07:00Circling the square - The making of ancient Indian knowledge systems<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Amita Sharma</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Who knows for
certain?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Who shall here
declare it?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Whence was it
born, whence came creation?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The gods are later
than this world’s formation;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Who then can know
the origins of the world?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">None knows whence
creation arose;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">And whether he has
or has not made it;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">He who surveys it
from the lofty skies,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Only he knows — or
perhaps he knows not.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The Rig Veda
(X:129)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The Hymn of
Creation is, perhaps, one of the profoundest critical gazes cast on the creator
in the history of metaphysical thought, putting under erasure an a priori
cognisant principle, manifesting a spirit free to doubt and question. This
defines ancient Indian knowledge systems, cohabiting different realms of
‘realities’ generating at one level, the language of sophisticated argument,
technical detail and codification, and at another, a language that is
tentative, suggestive, pushing the borders of the known.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The genesis of
ancient Indian knowledge systems is this coupling of intellectual enquiry with
a sense of sublime wonder at the great mysteries of life. Ancient Indian
knowledge forms were divided into two broad groups, namely para vidya and apara
vidya. Para vidya or higher knowledge is knowledge by which the imperishable is
known. Apara vidya encompassed worldly knowledge, like science, technology,
arts, commerce and management. To the modern mind, thinking in exclusive
categories, dichotomising knowledge forms, these two knowledge worlds are
dualistically wedged. But the uniqueness of ancient Indian knowledge systems is
the coexistence of the transcendental with the empirical, generating several
distinctive features. The sacred and the secular flowed into each other.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">There was no
Inquisition to be feared, no imposed dogma. Savants built upon inherited
knowledge forms while equally questioning them. We find Kautilya disagreeing
with earlier thinkers of political science on issues of warfare, or Brahmagupta
virulently rejecting Aryabhata’s theory of a rotating earth. A huge literature
of commentaries, many of them sadly lost, is evidence of ceaseless and tireless
scholarly discussion, debate and dissent.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Technical
knowledge often arose to serve religious practices. Over time, organised
systems emerged dealing with language, philosophy, mathematics, astronomy,
medicine, the arts, governance and administration, ethics and yoga and a host
of lesser known knowledge systems related to agriculture, animal husbandry,
water management, town-planning that were documented in numerous texts rarely
studied now.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Today the
enmeshing of ideas, of poetry with physics, maths with mantra, science with
mysticism, might appear as pre-scientific and, therefore, mere objects of
curiosity. Yet when submitted to rigorous tests, they have almost always proved
their worth. A few examples illustrate how the complexity of Indian knowledge
systems argues for analytical rigour, not a reductionist reading and uncritical
rejection. It is not for nothing that 20th century physicists such as Erwin
Schrödinger or Werner Heisenberg drew inspiration from Vedantic concepts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ancient Indian
mathematics arose from the Vedangas — a reflection on the Vedas. The
Shulba-sutras, India’s first texts of geometry, composed around 800 - 600 BCE,
exemplify traditional epistemological forms and their contribution to modern
knowledge. These texts add-ressed the theological requirement of constructing
fire altars with different shapes such as a falcon in flight with curved wings
or a tortoise with extended head and legs, but with the same surface area. The
altars had to be constructed with five layers of burnt bricks, each layer
consisting of 200 bricks and no two adjacent layers having congruent
arrangements of bricks. One of the geometric constructions involved squaring
the circle (and vice-versa) viz., geometrically constructing a square having
the same area as a given circle.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The Baudhayana
Shulba-Sutra says, a rope stretched along the length of the diagonal produces
an area which the vertical and horizontal sides make together. This is a
precise geometric expression of the Pythagorean theorem, which states that the
sum of the squares of the two sides of a right-angle triangle equals the square
of its hypotenuse. Were we more aware of the contribution of Indian
geometricians, the Pythagorean theorem might today be equally known as the
Shulba theorem.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The Vedic mantras
are chanted till today after a ritual prayer. Have we ever noticed the
incantation involves large numbers? For example, the mantra at the end of the
annahoma (food-oblation rite) performed during the ashvamedha invokes powers of
10 from a hundred to a trillion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Maths and verse
enmeshed not just in style, but in substance. Pingala (300 - 200 BCE), author
of the earliest known Sanskrit treatise on prosody, Chandaḥsāstra (the science
of metres), gave elaborate rules for listing out all possible combinations of
‘heavy’ (long) and ‘light’ (short) syllables in Vedic metres. In the process,
Pingala constructed prastāras or tables which noted the combinations in what
would be called today a binary system of notation (for instance,
‘long-long-short... long-short-short’). The science of metres led to the Indian
equivalent of the famous Fibonacci numbers (in which each number is the sum of
the preceding two: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55...).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">A Vedic hymn could
have more than one meaning, embedding philosophical speculation with
mathematical concepts. A famous shloka from Ishavasya Upanishad reads,
purnamadah purnamidam purnat purnamudachyate purnasya purnamadaya purnameva
vashishyate: “That is whole; this is whole. From the whole comes the whole;
take away the whole from the whole, what remains is the whole.” Mathematically,
this can be interpreted in terms of zero as well as infinity, both of which are
meanings of purna.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">While the zero
(variously called shunya, purna, bindu ...) as an empty place-holder in the
place-value numeral system appears much earlier, algebraic definitions of the
zero and its relationship to mathematical functions appear in the mathematical
treatises of Brahmagupta in the 7th century whose Brahmasphutasiddhant had basic
operations (including cube roots, fractions, ratios and proportions) as well as
applied mathematics (including series, plane figures, stacking of bricks,
sawing of timber, and piling of grain). His concept “divided by zero =
infinity” is etymologically interesting: khachheda means divided by kha, where
kha (space) stands for zero.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Consider the way
decimal story unravels. The present system of decimal numbers needed two
fundamental discoveries: the concept of zero and the principle of place value.
Both were developed in India between the 1st and the 6th centuries CE. The
first inscription with a decimal place-value notation is from Sankheda in
Gujarat, dated 346 in the Chhedi Era, or 594 CE, where ‘3’ stands for hundreds,
‘4’ for 10s and ‘6’ for units. But five centuries earlier, the Buddhist
philosopher Vasumitra, discussing the counting pits of merchants, had remarked,
“When [the same] clay counting-piece is in the place of units, it is denoted as
one, when in hundreds, one hundred.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Decimal
representation was also employed in a verse composition technique, later
labelled bhuta-sankhya (literally, object numbers) used in technical books.
Since those were composed in verse, numbers were often represented by objects.
The number 4, for example, could be represented by the word Veda (there are
four Vedas), the number 32 by the word teeth (a full set consists of 32), and
the number 1 by moon, sun or atman, all of which are unique. So,
“Veda-teeth-moon” would correspond to 4-32-1 or our decimal numeral 1324, as
the convention for numbers then was to enumerate their digits from right to
left.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">This rich
tradition of mathematics flowered in some of the greatest mathematicians of
their times who contributed towards discovering and formalising mathematical
principles. Aryabhata I (born 476 CE) described fundamental principles of
mathematics and astronomy in 121 verses of Aryabhatiya which deal with
quadratic equations, trigonometry or the value of π, correct to 4 decimal
places. His calculation of the circumference of earth was within 12 per cent of
the actual value, his table of planetary positions and his lengths of the
sidereal and solar years remarkably precise. Brahmagupta (born 598 CE) studied
many geometrical figures, introduced negative numbers and defined mathematical
infinity as “that which is divided by zero”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bhaskara II (born
1114), author of Lilavati and Bijaganita, proposed solutions to cubic and
biquadratic equations, worked out an efficient algorithm for some types of
second-degree indeterminate equations and laid down some of the foundations of
calculus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">As in the case of
mathematics, early astronomical insights were embedded in sacred texts often
veiled in allegorical or poetical forms. The Rig Veda refers to a wheel
consisting of 360 spokes, clearly the days of the year; some of its verses have
been interpreted in terms of eclipses and meteor showers.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The Aitareya
Brahmana (3.44) declares, “The sun never really sets or rises. ... Having
reached the end of the day, he inverts himself; thus he makes evening below,
day above... Having reached the end of the night he inverts himself; thus he
makes day below, night above; He never sets; indeed he never sets.” This seems
to reflect an awareness of the sphericity of the earth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The famous scholar
Sayana (c. 1315-1387) commented thus on a hymn to the sun from the Rig Veda
(1.50.4): “Thus it is remembered, O Surya, you who traverse 2,202 yojanas in
half a nimesha.” With a yojana of about 13.6 km and a nimesha of 16/75thof a
second, this amounts to 280,755 km/sec — just 6 per cent from the speed of
light (299,792 km/sec) — a coincidence worth noting.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The Puranas
describe time units from the infinitesimal truti, lasting (according to
Bhaskara II) one 2,916,000,000th of a day or about 30 microseconds, to a
mahamantavara of 311 trillion years. Time is seen as cyclical, an endless
procession of creation, preservation and dissolution. The end of each kalpa
brought about by Shiva’s dance is also the beginning of the next. Rebirth
follows destruction. Each Brahma day and each Brahma night lasted a kalpa or
4.32 billion years, adding up to 8.43 billion years which is not too far from
the current 13.7 billion years for the age of the universe (another
coincidence, which the US astronomer Carl Sagan noted).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">In contrast, till
the 19th century, much of Europe was convinced that the universe was no more
than 6,000 years old. And while we are on coincidences, let us mention that
Jain texts state that there are 8.4 million species on earth, which compares
well with the figure of 8.7 million arrived at in a 2011 research paper.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sacred geographies
enfolded astronomical observations. According to the German archaeologist
Holger Wanzke, the east-west alignment of the main streets of Mohenjodaro’s
citadel (or acropolis) was probably based on the Pleiades star cluster
(Krittika), which rose due east at the time; it no longer does because of the
precession of the equinoxes. Ujjain, associated with the legendary king
Vikramaditya, is located on the Tropic of Cancer; it was a centre of
astronomical observations. Chitra-koot is associated with Rama, who is often
represented symbolically as an arrow. Mapped with GPS, ashrams and other holy
sites there form arrows that point to the sunrise and sunset on the summer
solstice. Varanasi’s 14 Aditya shrines precisely track the sun’s path through
the year, embedding time in the ancient city’s map.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The purpose of
alluding to diverse forms of cultural codification of knowledge is that even
while ambiguity may enwrap them, they have a steady stream of scientific
insights that merit research. The significance of culturally embedded knowledge
is supported by our material inheritance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">For the growth of
a truly scientific spirit, it is necessary that we critically evaluate our
intellectual inheritance. Bhaskara II said, “It is necessary to speak out the
truth accurately before those who have implicit faith in tradition. It will be
impossible to believe in whatever is said earlier unless every erroneous statement
is criticised and condemned.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">In ignoring our
own knowledge legacy, or rejecting it as myth, are we guilty of creating an
uncritical modernism that stultifies its own growth?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Fields Medal
winner, Manjul Bhargava has said that he was inspired not only from ancient
Indian mathematicians, but also from his practice of tabla and his knowledge of
Sanskrit. The statue of Nataraja, a symbol of the dance of subatomic particles,
which adorns the CERN where the hunt for the ‘ultimate’ particles goes on, is a
reminder that India’s wisdom offers much to the world in its tireless research
into the mysteries of life in its infinite complexity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(With inputs from
Michel Danino)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Amita Sharma is
former additional secretary in the ministry of human resources development. Michel
Danino is a French-born Indian author, currently guest professor at IIT
Gandhinagar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">This article was published
in financial chronicle, Tuesday, April 14, 2015</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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സത്യം സനാതനംhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13094826040532201226noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-752466280796282316.post-37712624377103772702015-05-12T08:52:00.002-07:002015-05-12T11:15:07.899-07:00Traditional knowledge systems - an overview <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">It is now recognized that
western criteria are not the sole benchmark by which other cultural knowledge
should be evaluated. While the term 'traditional' sometimes carries the
connotation of 'pre-modern' in the sense of 'primitive' or 'outdated', many of
the traditional sciences and technologies were in fact quite advanced even by
western standards as well as better adapted to unique local conditions and
needs than their later 'modern' substitutes. In countries with ancient cultural
traditions, the folk and elite science were taken as part of the same unified
legacy, without any hegemonic categorizations. However, modernization has
homogenized various solutions, and this loss of ideas is similar to the
destruction of biodiversity. Colonizers systematically derogated, exterminated
or undermined the local traditional science, technology and crafts of the lands
and people they plundered, because of their intellectual arrogance, and also to
control and appropriate the economic means of production and the social means
of organization. Modern societies created hegemonic categories of science
verses magic, technology verses superstitions etc., which were arbitrary and
contrived. But many anthropologists who have recently worked with so-called
'primitive' peoples have been surprised to learn of some of their highly
evolved and sophisticated technologies. The term 'Traditional Knowledge System'
was thus coined by anthropologists as a scientific system which has its own
validity, in contradistinction to 'modern' science.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The United Nations
University proposal defines Traditional Knowledge Systems as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Traditional knowledge or
'local knowledge' is a record of human achievement in comprehending the
complexities of life and survival in often unfriendly environments. Traditional
knowledge, which may be technical, social, organizational, or cultural was
obtained as part of the great human experiment of survival and development.</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Laura Nader describes the
purpose of studying TKS: </span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">"The point is to open up people's minds to other
ways of looking and questioning, to change attitudes about knowledge, to
reframe the organization of science -- to formulate a way of thinking globally
about traditions."</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><b>HISTORICAL BACKGROUND<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Modern science can
perhaps be dated to Newton's times. But Traditional Knowledge Systems date from
more than 2 million years, when Homo habilis started making his tools and
interacting with nature. Since the dawn of history, different peoples have
contributed to different branches of science and technology, often in a manner
involving interactive contacts across cultures separated by large distances.
This interactive influence is becoming clearer as the vast extent of global
trade and cultural migration across large distances is being properly
recognized by researchers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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However, one finds that
generally the history of science as commonly taught is mostly Eurocentric. It
typically consists of two phases: It starts with Greece, neglecting the
influences of others upon Greece. Then it 'fast forwards' many centuries to the
Enlightenment period around 1500, to claim modern science as an exclusively
European triumph, by neglecting the influence of others, especially India, upon
the European Renaissance and Enlightenment. <u>The European Dark Ages is presumed
to be dark worldwide, when in fact, the rest of the world thrived with
innovation and prosperity while Europe was at the peripheries until the
conquest of America in 1492</u>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1pJIXiAmB_CwSOU9GTuf111UoNfpxBjrvE4Bb07fICnO83_xOCKQhVyk41tfEqiXY5sNKQGr28BZmJdb7Osn2QRuVizH8vrObhFUS5fb38-Fzj9z2cpV5wQacung9k8oGChLeneNFe2aE/s1600/51T+MmWA-GL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1pJIXiAmB_CwSOU9GTuf111UoNfpxBjrvE4Bb07fICnO83_xOCKQhVyk41tfEqiXY5sNKQGr28BZmJdb7Osn2QRuVizH8vrObhFUS5fb38-Fzj9z2cpV5wQacung9k8oGChLeneNFe2aE/s320/51T+MmWA-GL.jpg" width="236" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Thanks to especially the
work of Joseph Needham, China's contributions to global knowledge have recently
become known to a wide range of scholars. Even more recently, thanks largely to
Arab scholars, the important role of Islamic empires in the transmission of
ideas into Europe has become better appreciated. However, in the latter case,
many discoveries and innovations of India, as acknowledged by the Arab
translators themselves, are often depicted as being of Arab origin, when in
fact, the Arabs often retransmitted what they had learnt from India over to
Europe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Therefore, the vast and
significant contributions made by the Indian sub-continent have been widely
ignored. The British colonizers could never accept the fact that Indians were
highly civilized even in the third millennium BC, when the British were still
in a barbarian stage. Such acknowledgment would destroy the civilizing mission
of Europe that was the intellectual premise for colonialization. British
Indologists did not study TKS, except to quietly document them as systems
competing with their own, and to facilitate the transfer of technology into
Britain's Industrial Revolution. What was found valuable was quickly
appropriated (see examples below), and its Indian manufacturers were forced out
of business, and this was in many instances justified as civilizing them.
Meanwhile, a new history of India was fabricated to ensure that present and
future generations of mentally colonized people would believe in the inherent
inferiority of their own traditional knowledge and in the superiority of the
colonizers' 'modern' knowledge. This has been called Macaulayism, named after
Lord Macaulay who successfully championed this strategy of Britain most
emphatically starting in the 1830s.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Because it became
difficult for Europeans to ignore the massive archaeological evidence of
classical Indian science and technology, they propounded that Indus
Civilization had to be a transplant from the Egyptian and Mesopotamian
civilizations. These constructions in historiography have tended to be
cumulative rather than re-constructive, i.e. more layers were constructed
without re-examining or correcting prior ones. Unfortunately, since
independence there has not been much improvement in such distortions of
history, and this has continued to negatively impact the understanding and
appreciation of TKS. Many in India's intellectual elite continue to promote the
notion that pre-colonial India was feudalistic, pre-rational, and by
implication in need of being invaded for its own benefit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">This has created a
climate in which entrenched prejudice against TKS still persists in
contemporary society. For example, according to TKS activist Madhu Kishwar,
India's government today continues to make many TKS illegal or impossible to
practice. Even after independence, many British laws against TKS have
continued, even though their original intent was to destroy India's massive
domestic industry and foreign trade and to replace them with Britain's
Industrial Revolution. It is significant to note that today less than 10% of
India's labor works in the 'organized sector', namely as employees of a
company. The remaining 90% are individual freelancers, contract laborers,
private entrepreneurs, and so on, many of whom still practice their traditional
trades. However, given the perpetuation of colonial laws that render much of
their work illegal, they are highly vulnerable to all sorts of exploitation,
corruption, and abuse. The descendants of India's traditional knowledge
workers, who built massive cities, technologies, and dominated world trade for
centuries, are today de-legitimized in their own country under a democratic
government. Many of today's poor jatis, such as textile, masonry, and metal
workers, were at one time the guilds that supplied the world with so many and
varied industrial items.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAgsXqsyoboBeJKJhirTLVN5gTVmMUQgEcIcCi7towRWCpW0znmH6veR1Gnm0yxmbWPBj-1T8dCQX3E9zQH94hM4sD9DHpIolw5Pcc4ytet9wf_BxSlNnP6F77fpObijx1rm_ktaM7CfX-/s1600/fig2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAgsXqsyoboBeJKJhirTLVN5gTVmMUQgEcIcCi7towRWCpW0znmH6veR1Gnm0yxmbWPBj-1T8dCQX3E9zQH94hM4sD9DHpIolw5Pcc4ytet9wf_BxSlNnP6F77fpObijx1rm_ktaM7CfX-/s320/fig2.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">GDP of Major Economies over the last two millennia </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">It is important to note
that amongst all the conquered and colonized civilizations of the Old World,
India is unique in the following respect: Its wealth was industrial and created
by its workers' ingenuity and labor. In all other instances, such as the Native
Americans, the plunder by the colonizers was mainly of land, gold and other
natural assets. But in India's case, the colonizers had a windfall of
extraordinary profit margins from control of India's exports, taxation of
India's economic production, and eventually the transfer of technology and production
to the colonizer's home. This comprised the immense transfer of wealth out of
India. From being the world's major exporting economy (along with China), India
was reduced to an importer of goods; from being the source of much of the
economic capital that funded Britain's Industrial revolution, it became one of
the biggest debtor nations; from its envied status as the wealthiest nation, it
became a land synonymous with poverty; and from the nation with a large number
of prestigious centers of higher education that attracted the cream of foreign
students from Eurasia, it became the land with the highest number of illiterate
persons. This remains a major untold story. The education system's subversion
of India's TKS in its history and social studies curricula is a major factor
for the stereotyping about India. Even when told of these things, few
westerners and elitist Indians are willing to believe them, as the prejudices
about India are too deeply entrenched.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><b>THE GLOBAL PROBLEM TODAY<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The present day
globalizing economy with its mass media glorification of the western lifestyle
is resulting in the homogenization of human 'wants' and in unachievable
expectations. Conventional western technology by itself cannot deliver or
sustain this false promise to the world, for several reasons:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Westernized living is
unachievable by billions of poor humans, because the capital required simply
does not exist in the world, and the trickle down effect is too slow to reach
the bottom tier where most of humanity lives. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Western civilization
depends upon inequality -- there must be cheap labor 'somewhere else', and
cheap natural resources purchasable from somewhere, without regard to the big
picture of world society or global ecology. This practical necessity of the
present-day global capitalist system conflicts with the equal rights of states
and persons long theorized and promoted. All sorts of reasons are offered
against such drastic proposals as opening all borders and allowing free
competition among all available laborers, contradicting the 'freedom' position
so popular in theory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The western economic
development model demands 'growth' to sustain valuations in the stock markets,
and growth cannot be indefinite. A steady state economy in zero growth
equilibrium would devastate the wealth of the west, since the financial models
are predicated on growth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Even if the above
obstacles could be overcome and the world's six billion persons were to achieve
western lifestyle, it would be unsustainable for the planet's natural resources
to sustain.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">When Gandhi was asked
whether he would like India to develop a lifestyle similar to England's, his
reply may be paraphrased as follows:</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> The British had to plunder the Earth to
achieve their lifestyle. Given India's much larger population, it would require
the plunder of many planets to achieve the same.</span></blockquote>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">If the idealized
lifestyle is unavailable to all humanity, then on what basis (morally,
intellectually, and in terms of practical enforcement) do a few countries hope
to sustain their superiority over others so as to maintain such a lifestyle?
The point is that employing TKS is an imperative for humanity at large, while
reducing global dependence on inequitable and resource draining
"advanced" knowledge systems.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">We have to study,
preserve, and revive the Traditional Knowledge Systems for the economic
betterment of the world in a holistic manner, as these technologies are
eco-friendly and allow sustainable growth without harming the environment.
India's scientific heritage needs to be brought to the attention of the educated
world, so that we can replace the Eurocentric History of Science and Technology
with an honest globalization of ideas. This goal requires generations of new
research in these fields, compilation of existing data, and dissemination
through books, seminars, websites, articles, films etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><b>INDIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO
GLOBAL SCIENCE<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Civil Engineering<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The Indus-Sarasvati
Civilization was the world's first to build planned towns, with underground
drainage, civil sanitation, hydraulic engineering, and air-cooling
architecture. Oven baked bricks were invented in India in approximately 4,000
BC. From complex Harappan towns to Delhi's Qutub Minar and other large
projects, India's indigenous technologies were very sophisticated in design,
planning, water supply, traffic flow, natural air conditioning, complex stone
work, and construction engineering.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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Metal Technologies</div>
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<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">They pioneered many tools
for construction, including the needle with hole at the pointed end, hollow
drill, and true saw. Many of these important tools were subsequently used in
the rest of the world, centuries later during Roman times. India was first to
produce rust-free iron. In the mid-first millennium BC, the Indian wootz steel
was very popular in the Persian courts for making swords. The British sent
teams to India to analyze the metallurgical processes that were later
appropriated by Britain. Making India's metal works illegal was motivated
partly by the goal to industrialize Britain, but also because of the risk of
gun manufacturing by potential nationalists. India's exporting steel industry
was systematically dismantled and relocated to Britain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi60lr4oknvx5YWTYBIXJQ1nW3x10l3jOP3qhOOWE3b3vqbNDorTEAfx9xK-15dq-kLqP_cqq-_XOSFviXiaYX5hup3f3G2B_jShCdD2UPTW583xvziDkTqUdboIZuQ7jAFnef86UA4-Sid/s1600/fig3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi60lr4oknvx5YWTYBIXJQ1nW3x10l3jOP3qhOOWE3b3vqbNDorTEAfx9xK-15dq-kLqP_cqq-_XOSFviXiaYX5hup3f3G2B_jShCdD2UPTW583xvziDkTqUdboIZuQ7jAFnef86UA4-Sid/s320/fig3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Textiles<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">India's textile exports
were legendary. Roman archives contain official complaints about massive cash
drainage because of imports of fine Indian textiles. One of the earliest
industries relocated from India to Britain was in textiles, and it became the
first major success of the Industrial Revolution, with Britain replacing India
as the world's leading textile exporter. Many of the machines built by Britain
used Indian designs that had been improved over long periods. Meanwhile,
India's textile manufacturer's were de-licensed, even tortured in some cases,
over-taxed, regulated, etc., to 'civilize' them into virtual extinction.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Shipping and Ship
Building<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">India participated in the
earliest known ocean based trading systems. Regarding more recent centuries, it
is known to scholars but not to the general public that Vasco da Gama's ships
were captained by a Gujarati sailor, and much of Europe's 'discovery' of
navigation was in fact an appropriation of pre-existing navigation in the
Indian Ocean, that had been a thriving trade system for centuries before
Europeans 'discovered' it. Some of the world's largest and most sophisticated
ships were built in India and China. The compass and other navigation tools
were already in use at the time. ('Nav' is the Sanskrit word for boat, and is
the root word in 'navigation', and in 'navy', although etymology is not a
reliable proof of origin.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Water Harvesting Systems<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Scientists estimate that
there were 1.3 million man-made water lakes and ponds across India, some as
large as 250 square miles. These are now being rediscovered using satellite
imagery. These enabled most of the rain water to be harvested and used for
irrigation, drinking, etc. till the following year's rainfall. Village
organizations managed these resources, but this decentralized management was
dismantled during the colonial period, when tax collection, cash expropriation,
and legal enforcements became the primary function of the new governance
appointed by the British. Recently, thousands of these 'talabs' have been
restored, and this has resulted in a re-emergence of abundant water year round
in many places. (This is a very different approach compared to the massive
modern dams built in the name of progress, that have devastated the lives of
millions.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Forest Management<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Many interesting findings
have recently come out about the way forests and trees were managed by each
village and a careful method applied to harvest medicines, firewood, and
building material in accordance with natural renewal rates. There is now a
database being built of these 'sacred groves' across India. Again, it's a story
of an economic asset falling into disuse and abuse because of dismantling the
local governance and uprooting respect for traditional systems in general.
Massive logging by the British to export India's timber to fund the two world
wars and other civilizing programs of the empire are never mentioned when
scholars try to explain India's current ecological disasters. The local
populations had been quite sophisticated in managing their ecology until they
were dis-empowered.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Farming Techniques<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">India's agricultural
production was historically large and sustained a huge population compared to
other parts of the world. Surpluses were stored for use in a drought year. But
the British turned this industry into a cash cow, exporting massive amounts of
harvests even during shortages, so as to maximize the cash expropriation. This
caused tens of millions to die of starvation while at the same time India's
food production was exported at unprecedented rates to generate cash. Also,
traditional non-chemical based pesticides have been recently revived in India
with excellent results, replacing Union Carbide's products in certain markets.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Traditional Medicine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">This is now a well-known
and respected field. Much re-legitimizing of Indian medicine has already been
done, thanks to many western labs and scientists. Many multinationals no longer
denigrate traditional medicine and have in fact been trying to secure patents
on Indian medicine without acknowledging the source.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mathematics, Logic and
Linguistics<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Besides other sciences,
Indians developed advanced math, including the concept of zero, the base-ten
decimal system now in use worldwide, and many important trigonometry and
algebra formulae. They made several astronomical discoveries. Diverse schools
of logic and philosophy proliferated. India's Panini is acknowledged as the
founder of linguistics, and his Sanskrit grammar is still the most complete and
sophisticated of any language in the world.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">There were numerous other
indigenous Indian industries. India's manufactured goods were highly prized
around the world. We must evaluate the historical importance of these TKS based
on their economic value for their time, when their importance could be compared
to today's high tech industry. India's own English educated elite should be
made aware of this to shed their Macaulayite inferiority complexes.
Furthermore, the development, refinement and extension of TKS offer potential
benefits capable of resolving or diminishing some of the inequities in modern
societies worldwide.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><b>FOLK SCIENCE<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Besides the above
examples of Indian contributions to the very foundations of so-called 'western'
science, another category of Traditional Knowledge Systems is non-literate folk
science. Western science as a whole has condemned and ignored anything that it
did not either appropriate or develop, as being magic and superstition.
However, in countries such as India that have cultural continuity, ancient
traditions survive with a rich legacy of folk science. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">In North America and
Australia, where original populations have been more than decimated, such
continuity of folk tradition was disrupted. In Western nations with large
colonies in the Old and New Worlds, such knowledge systems were looked down
upon. It is this prejudice that subverts the importance of folk science, and
ridicules it as superstition. The process of contrasting western science with
folk knowledge systems extends to the demarcation of knowledge systems in
different categories of science versus religion, rational versus magical, and
so on. But we need to insist that these western imposed hegemonic categories
are contrived and artificial.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Western science seldom
realized that non-literate folk science preserves the wisdom gained through
millennia of experience, direct observation, and has been transmitted by word
of mouth. Development projects based solely on new technologies are pushing the
Traditional Knowledge Systems towards extinction. This traditional wisdom of
humankind needs to be preserved and used for our survival.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Westernized 'experts' go
to non-literate cultures assuming them to be 'knowledge blanks' which need to
be programmed with modern science and technology. Ramkrishnan, the renowned
ecologist, humbly admitted that the ecological management practiced today by the
tribes of the northeastern states of India is far superior to anything he could
teach them. A good example in this regard is the alder (Alnus nepalensis),
which has been cultivated in the jhum (shifting cultivation) fields by the
Khonoma farmers in Nagaland for centuries. It has multiple usages for the
farmers, since it is a nitrogen-fixing tree and helps to retain the soil
fertility. Its leaves are used as fodder and fertilizer, and it is also
utilized as timber. One could cite numerous such examples. Unfortunately, many
plants which the tribes traditionally cultivated for specific benefits have now
disappeared in the name of progress.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The vast majority of
modern medicines patented by western pharmaceutical firms are based on tropical
plants. The most common method to select candidates for detailed testing has
been for western firms to scout tropical societies, seek out established 'folk'
remedies, and to subject these to 'western scientific legitimizing'. In many
cases, patents owned by multinationals are largely for isolating the active
ingredients in a lab, and going through rigorous protocols of testing and
patent filing. While this is an important and expensive task, and deserves
credit, these are seldom independent discoveries from scratch. Never has the
society that has truly discovered it through centuries of empirical testing and
trial and error received any recognition, much less any share of royalty.
India's recent fights in international courts, over western patents of its
traditional intellectual property in agriculture and medicine, have brought
much needed publicity for this arena.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Colin Scott writes: </span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">"With the upsurge of multidisciplinary interest in 'traditional ecological
knowledge', models explicitly held by indigenous people in areas as diverse as
forestry, fisheries, and physical geography are being paid increasing attention
by western science specialists, who have in some cases established extremely
productive long-term dialogues with local experts. The idea that local experts
are often better informed than their western peers is at last receiving
significant acknowledgment beyond the boundaries of anthropology."</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">But in too many cases,
western scholars reduce India's experts to 'native informants' destined to live
below the glass ceiling: the pandit as native informant to the western
Sanskritist; the poor woman in Rajasthan as native informant to the western
feminist seeking to cure her of her tradition; the herbal farmer as native
informant to the western pharmaceutical firm appropriating medicines for
patents; etc. Given their poverty in modern times, these 'native informants'
dish out what the western scholar expects to hear in order to fit his/her
model, because in return they receive gifts, rewards, compensation,
recognition, and even trips and visas in many cases. Rarely have western
scholars acknowledged India's knowledge bearers as fellow scientists and equal
partners, as co-authors or as co-panelists. This competitive obsession to make
'original' discoveries and to put one's name on publications, has exacerbated
the tendency to appropriate with one hand, while denigrating the source with
other hand so as to hide the plagiarism. We have referred to this as 'academic
arson'.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><b>RITUALS AS KNOWLEDGE
TRANSMITTERS<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Villagers in remote areas
like Uttaranchal have events called 'Jagars', in which the Jagaria sends the
Dangaria into a sort of trance. The Dangaria then helps sort out problems,
provides remedies for ailments, resolves social conflicts of the village
society etc. One could dismiss this as superstition; but this is also
considered a traditional method of reaching the unconscious. Does the Jagaria
use his spiritual powers to reach and tap the unconscious region of the mind of
the Dangaria? Or, as propounded by Vaclav Havel, did these rituals represent
the attempts of ancient humans to come to terms with the unknown, the
non-rational, and the unconscious parts of our beings? Were these devices
useful to invoke lost memories of the ancient past?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">We are, therefore, not
willing to dismiss Jagar as some mumbo-jumbo, but a phenomenon worth scientific
investigation. This should be an important scientific research connecting
Traditional Knowledge Systems to Inner Sciences. Ironically, from Jung onwards,
many westerners have studied and appropriated these traditional 'inner
sciences', renamed and repackaged them. Meanwhile, the original discoverers and
practitioners have been dismissed as primitive societies awaiting cure by
westernization.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><b>Myths & Legends<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Myths and legends
sometimes represent the attempts of our ancestors to explain the scientific
observations that they made about the world around them and transmitted to the
future. They chose different models to interpret the observations, but the
observations were empirical. Let us compare some of the old legends with modern
scientific observations about the geological history of the Indian
subcontinent. We will discuss three examples, and each could be seen as fiction
or hard fact or some combination of both:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1. The geology of Kashmir
(India)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The geology of Kashmir
(India) has been studied for more than 150 years now. As a result of these
studies, it is now known that due to the rise of the Pir Panjal range around 4
million years ago, a vast lake formed, blocking the drainage from the Himalayas.
Subsequently, the river Jhelum emerged as a result of the opening of a fault
near Baramula, draining out the lake about 85,000 years ago. This is accepted
as the geological history of the Kashmir valley.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzgpA1OMmYh_ghgbTBED7n6_0YaEtnpIt-Y8Hf6ZyHNRaD6hIUquI-CBHreVhIjxbf306zjJ86BOWWigizWOtAQfjai5YGYyOtnQCBYxhnCc8ZFnASN9rala2ZyW8m-PFBSiBjrSFHAeDY/s1600/satellite-3d-map-of-jammu-and-kashmir-physical-outside.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzgpA1OMmYh_ghgbTBED7n6_0YaEtnpIt-Y8Hf6ZyHNRaD6hIUquI-CBHreVhIjxbf306zjJ86BOWWigizWOtAQfjai5YGYyOtnQCBYxhnCc8ZFnASN9rala2ZyW8m-PFBSiBjrSFHAeDY/s320/satellite-3d-map-of-jammu-and-kashmir-physical-outside.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Physical Map of Jammu & Kashmir </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Now let us compare this
to the old legend: In Kashmir there is a very old tradition which describes a
vast lake, called Satisara, in the valley in very ancient times. Kalhana, a
poet chronicler, wrote his book Rajatarangini, or 'The River of Kings', in 1150
AD. In this book, he mentions an ancient lake (Satisara) giving a reference
from a still earlier text, Nilamata Purana. Aurel Stein (1961), who translated
Rajatarangini, describes the legend of Satisara in these words: "This
legend is mentioned by Kalhana in the Introduction of his Chronicle and is
related at great length in Nilamata.... The demon Jalodbhava who resided in
this lake was invisible in his own element and refused to come out of the lake.
Vishnu thereupon called upon his brother Balabhadra to drain the lake...".
Ignoring the mythical struggles between gods and demons, the legend does depict
an account resembling the draining out of the primeval lake.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2. The sea level on the
West Coast of India<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The sea level on the West
Coast of India, as elsewhere during the Ice Ages, was about 100 meters lower
than today and started rising only after 16,000 years ago. This is the accepted
eustatic history.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The related legend says
that when Parasurama donated all his land to the Brahmins, the latter asked him
how he could live on the land that he had already donated away. Parasurama went
to the cliff on the seashore and threw his Parasu (hatchet) into the sea and
the sea receded, and then he occupied the land that thus emerged. This is
possibly a reference to the regression of the sea and the newly emerged land.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3. The river Satluj<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The third example is of
the river Satluj, a tributary of the Indus today. In finding its new course,
the Sarasvati braided into several channels. This is the accepted geology.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The relevant legend says
that the holy sage Vashista wanted to commit suicide by jumping into the
Sarasvati, but the river wouldn't allow such a sage to drown himself, and broke
up into hundreds of shallow channels, hence its ancient name Satadru. Unless
the early author of such a legend observed the braiding process of the Satluj,
he could not have imagined such a legend. This is another instance of legends coinciding
with a modern geological observation.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMfX2yQIvhrT3DLADuommO0j8qsNtH0GizKfaiG2zlgg3dL_FB5HeOA0JtCCyqtg4oq-zEE1jI8ANVQQE8KF-oBatpv08aN12PtkYsKNmKZ0IWypL_bSkOIYMHb2te-rbj2CUhvog-3C4a/s1600/vedicsaras1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMfX2yQIvhrT3DLADuommO0j8qsNtH0GizKfaiG2zlgg3dL_FB5HeOA0JtCCyqtg4oq-zEE1jI8ANVQQE8KF-oBatpv08aN12PtkYsKNmKZ0IWypL_bSkOIYMHb2te-rbj2CUhvog-3C4a/s320/vedicsaras1.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Indus river system</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Theorizing
the possible role of myths, Scott says: "The complimentarity of the
literal and the figurative help us to realize that the distinction between myth
and science is not structural, but procedural.... Myths in a broader,
paradigmatic sense are condensed expressions of root metaphors that reflect the
genius of particular knowledge traditions.... Numerous studies have found that
the "anthropomorphic" paradigms of egalitarian hunters and
horticulturalists not only generate practical knowledge consistent with the
insights of scientific ecology, but simultaneously cultivate an ethic of
environmental responsibility that for western societies has proven
elusive."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The Israelis have been
very successful in rediscovering many lost technologies relevant to their
environment and culture by investigating their ancient myths and traditions.
Through this, they have become pioneers in many processes of economic value
that conventional European technology lacks.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><b>THE GOAL<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">India's intellectual
resources are not limited to (though they are limited by) its 'Indi-Genius'
doubting intellectual elite. Today, there are Indian economists, social
developers, and scholars who are working hard to revitalize many TKS'.
Resources for research and teaching of India's Traditional Knowledge Systems
should be made available for the following reasons:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">India has amongst the
best cases for successful revival of TKS: It has a rich heritage still intact
in this area. It has the largest documented ancient literature relevant to TKS.
It has the intellectual resources to appreciate this and to implement this
revival, provided the Macaulayite mental blocks could be shaken up through
re-education of its governing elite. It has dire needs to diversify beyond
dependence solely upon the new panacea of globalization and westernization.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">India's scientific
heritage, besides its philosophical and cultural legacy, needs to be properly
understood. The aim is not inspired by chauvinism, but to understand the genius
of Indian civilization better. This would overhaul the current assessment of
India's potential.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">To correct the portrayal
of the History of Science, the History of Ideas, mainstream accounts of World
History, anthropology and culture. This entails emphasizing to scholars and
educators that TKS should be included, especially India's achievements and
contributions to world science that have been very significant but
unappreciated.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">To include Traditional
Knowledge Systems in economic planning, because they are eco-friendly,
sustainable, labor rather than capital intensive, and more available to the
masses. This should be done in parallel with the top down 'modern' scientific
development using westernized 'globalization', as the two should co-exist and each
should be used based on its merits.</span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><b>INTERCONNECTIONS WITH
OTHER GATES OF THE MANDALA<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Inner Sciences<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The Inner Sciences of
India have been on the one hand appropriated by the west, and on the hand have
been depicted as being in conflict with the progressive, rational, and
materialistic west. In fact, inner and outer realms are often viewed as
opposites, that can at best be balanced because one contradicts the other. This
assumes that Inner Sciences make a person and society less productive, creative,
and competitive in the outer realm. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">However, India's TKS are empirical evidence
to demonstrate that Inner Sciences and outer development did coexist in a
mutually symbiotic relationship. This is a major reason to properly study
India's TKS. Without removing this tension between inner and outer, it would be
difficult to seriously motivate the modern world to advance in the Inner
Sciences in a major way. Inner progress without the outer would be a world
negating worldview, which India's TKS record shows not to be the case in
classical India. Outer progress without inner cultivation results in societies
that are too materialistic, too selfish to the point of genocides and
holocausts, eco-unfriendly, and dependent upon force and control for social
harmony.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><b>History</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Until the 1800s, TKS
generated large scale economic productivity for Indians. It was the TKS based
thriving Indian economy that attracted so many waves of invaders, culminating
with the British. Traditionally, India was one of the richest regions in the
world, and most Indians were neither 'backward' nor uneducated nor poor. Some
historians have recently begun to come out with this side of the story,
demonstrating that it was massive economic drainage, oppression, social
re-engineering, and so forth at the hands of colonizers that made millions of
'new poor' over the past few centuries. This explanation yields a radically
different reading of the poverty in India today. Upon acknowledging India's
traditional knowledge systems, one is forced to discard accounts of its history
that essentialize its poverty and the accompanying social evils. The reality of
TKS contradicts notions such as:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">India was less
rational and scientific than the west.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">India was world
negating in its outlook (which is a misreading of the Inner Sciences), and
hence did not advance itself from within.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">India's
civilization was mainly imported via invaders, except for its problems such as
caste that were its own 'essences'.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Indian society was
socially backward (to the point of being seen as lacking in morality); hence it
depends upon westernization to reform its current problems.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><b>Society Today<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Is India a 'developing'
society, or is it a 're-developing' society? Without appreciating the TKS of a
people, how could anthropologists and sociologists interpret the current
condition of a society? Were they always poor, always living in polluted and
socially problematic conditions as today, in which case these problems are
essences? Or is there a history behind the present condition? This history
should not, however, excuse the failures of fifty years of independence to deal
properly with the economic and social problems that persist. Going forward,
Traditional Knowledge Systems are eco-friendly, symbiotic with the environment,
and therefore can help provide a sustainable lifestyle. Since the benefits of
heavy industries do not trickle down to the people below the poverty line or to
so-called developing countries, a revival of traditional technologies and
crafts must complement the modern 'development' schemes for eradication of
poverty. In this regard, the distinction between elite and folk science was non
existent in ancient times: India's advanced metallurgy and civil engineering was
researched and practiced by artisan guilds.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
സത്യം സനാതനംhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13094826040532201226noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-752466280796282316.post-57015535569445919102014-10-01T09:50:00.000-07:002014-10-02T05:34:46.351-07:00Martial Arts Traditions of India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
‘Martial Arts’, as the name suggests, are popular art forms that give training in different kinds and dimensions of fighting — fighting with a spear or a sword, physical combat, resisting cavalry attack, single combat or combat with many, etc. As such, the martial arts apart from being sources of popular entertainment also provide training in skills required by professionals, including soldiers. <br />
<br />
India has an ancient tradition in diverse martial arts. Nearly every part of India has evolved one or the other form of a popular martial art. One most essential feature of the martial art form that developed in India is that, this too was linked to spirituality and there was a strict tradition of Guru Parambara and Gods to be invoked in order to excel in this field. The fabric of divinity was such deep rooted in our culture that even a physical fighting technique was associated to the Supreme power. We should be grateful to have born here!<br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEpg-PnLxgRy8ZMB38JNgBYs9pKXsfV-hrREvU_4ZV9iSlDGSRv9hfCr6o0Fx29BD_wPMgiyhBSqf63AJ6ouj9kotrZPzUG-TrgAqhsKnzF6-cjOt1j3NzAMYcgHlZtcWo8Tf0kLuCDVkJ/s1600/weopans.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEpg-PnLxgRy8ZMB38JNgBYs9pKXsfV-hrREvU_4ZV9iSlDGSRv9hfCr6o0Fx29BD_wPMgiyhBSqf63AJ6ouj9kotrZPzUG-TrgAqhsKnzF6-cjOt1j3NzAMYcgHlZtcWo8Tf0kLuCDVkJ/s1600/weopans.png" height="225" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://indianfight.com/">Traditional Weapons of India</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The Japanese and the Chinese trace the origins of their popular martial arts, karate and kung-fu, to India. Notably, according to Chinese texts and tradition, an Indian sage, <a href="http://historicalleys.blogspot.in/2008/12/bodhidharma.html">Bodhidharma </a>(5th or 6th century CE), who travelled from south India to north China and settled at the Shaolin Monastery in the Sung Mountain, meditated there for nine years and imparted some early techniques of Indian martial arts to his follower monks.<br />
<div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcMoXnSBJqpfjv3tjaYWE-MBzc6uXAJi2x3UecUFnzH3PU8Kvl2jY_b2DlBjvNJJ4TCtiP-YC1eobMAZT6LG-se3iEc9YoQG9Msp4mpKgMcpubu8nYNQo-hNF_M25sSJdhWAP0UUp7wZ9T/s1600/bodhi+faces+the+wall.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcMoXnSBJqpfjv3tjaYWE-MBzc6uXAJi2x3UecUFnzH3PU8Kvl2jY_b2DlBjvNJJ4TCtiP-YC1eobMAZT6LG-se3iEc9YoQG9Msp4mpKgMcpubu8nYNQo-hNF_M25sSJdhWAP0UUp7wZ9T/s1600/bodhi+faces+the+wall.jpg" height="320" width="207" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bodhidharma Faces the Wall</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
Following is an incomplete list of martial arts from various parts of India<br />
<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Adi thada - South India</li>
<li>Aki Kiti - Nagaland</li>
<li>Bandesh - Various parts of North India</li>
<li>Binot - Various parts of Central India</li>
<li>Chedi Talimkhana – Andhra Pradesh</li>
<li>Cheibi Gad-Ga - Manipur</li>
<li>Gatka- Punjab </li>
<li>Inbuan -Mizoram</li>
<li>Kalari Payattu – Kerala </li>
<li>Lathi- Various parts of India </li>
<li>Malla Yuddha – Different parts of India</li>
<li>Mardani Khel - Maharashtra </li>
<li>Marma / Varma vidya- South India</li>
<li>Mizo Inchai -Manipur</li>
<li>Musti Yuddha- Utter Pradesh </li>
<li>Paika Akhadha - Odisha </li>
<li>Pari-khanda – Bihar </li>
<li>Sarit – Sarak – Manipur</li>
<li>Sqay- Kashmir </li>
<li>Silambam - Tamil Nadu </li>
<li>Thoda - Himachal Pradesh </li>
<li>Thang - ta – Manipur </li>
<li>Vajra Mushti- Various parts of India</li>
</ol>
<div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRf7LhphKkRcrQrjAD6xxfysepHHWCDFhSkIH_Nn38EOgtt7XtmEcQ6lmC2_ZzizbhrNjZoA1Po7p_INTME2ItylD0g2FNMPuDiWO9hj7dmcQbQa5WbVeE-HHj2tcbbf4Otl29IbzQ-EQu/s1600/vajramushti_image005.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRf7LhphKkRcrQrjAD6xxfysepHHWCDFhSkIH_Nn38EOgtt7XtmEcQ6lmC2_ZzizbhrNjZoA1Po7p_INTME2ItylD0g2FNMPuDiWO9hj7dmcQbQa5WbVeE-HHj2tcbbf4Otl29IbzQ-EQu/s1600/vajramushti_image005.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18px;">Examples of the various Vajramushti – the two smaller weapons are used for the sporting aspect, whilst the larger, complete with spiked ends, were used in warfare.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
സത്യം സനാതനംhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13094826040532201226noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-752466280796282316.post-16786443690806575182013-12-28T18:39:00.000-08:002013-12-28T18:41:33.402-08:00The Purpose Behind Going for Pilgrimages<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZif7eC9gu04f3vywfQ91pLqRjbI4NvH2aem3slkISnWr9pMGkM1p7UmBdAlTlwehl0QG_fj3zpZbE3aIfZ9e7zN_oL3Wkbb-P_ER7V4K3yNas3-zDa5hVlF0Oysd9bG27f_X-qADWb3iN/s1600/tirtha.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZif7eC9gu04f3vywfQ91pLqRjbI4NvH2aem3slkISnWr9pMGkM1p7UmBdAlTlwehl0QG_fj3zpZbE3aIfZ9e7zN_oL3Wkbb-P_ER7V4K3yNas3-zDa5hVlF0Oysd9bG27f_X-qADWb3iN/s320/tirtha.bmp" width="304" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Major Hindu Pilgrim Centers</td></tr>
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<span style="line-height: 1.3em;">Children, everyone makes sacred journeys to various holy places. Some people may ask, ‘what is the point in making such pilgrimages, if devotion and the peace that results are an inner experience?’ It is true.</span></div>
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Devotion is an inner experience and expression. Devotion is the supreme love for God. Constant remembrance of God and surrender are its qualities. But today, it is just our goal. We have not attained that goal yet. So rituals, fasting and observances are all necessary for us. Planes flying in the skies have to run on the ground for a short time before taking off. It is like that.</div>
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Even though the wind is everywhere, doesn’t the wind that filters through the leaves of a tree make us feel refreshed and rejuvenated? In a similar manner, since a place of worship is saturated with the pure vibrations of prayers, devotional songs and mantras, that atmosphere helps us attain concentration and peace easily. </div>
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Such temple rituals, observances, vowed religious observance, pilgrimage are all paths to the goal of devotion filled with love. Once this devotion filled love is attained, then there is not much importance for these rituals and observances. Once the sun rises, the stars do not have any place. Path is needed for humans and vehicles to travel. But the birds flying in the skies do not need any path. Similarly, once we reach the goal of love, importance of rituals and observances reduce a lot.</div>
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All pilgrimages is a form of tapas, austerity. Fasting helps control and strengthen the mind. Through controlling the desires of the mind with discrimination, our mind gains power.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOSXW6WFYNhXmaSzbAAQUhaUcQY7q1oS4CFpnOOl-HiI1ZEO-TOQ3sAZQhv0tO171AIVgMYA2FFOKHhHOqfI_iZxMdL3EA4TR9la2Y_912IwO3v8w84G135SHp50eLL8IFMXCpPFpCuPKe/s1600/Sabarimala.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOSXW6WFYNhXmaSzbAAQUhaUcQY7q1oS4CFpnOOl-HiI1ZEO-TOQ3sAZQhv0tO171AIVgMYA2FFOKHhHOqfI_iZxMdL3EA4TR9la2Y_912IwO3v8w84G135SHp50eLL8IFMXCpPFpCuPKe/s320/Sabarimala.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sabarimala Temple</td></tr>
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Observances are ways to bring the mind under control. If a river runs its courses in different directions, it is not possible to generate electricity. When the river flowing in different directions is directed in one directions, its power increases. It becomes possible to generate electricity from it. Similarly, it is possible to bring focus to the mind, which is running after many objects, and make it strong through observances.</div>
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A devotee who observed silence once a week told Amma once:</div>
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“Amma, I got angry at someone one day. When I started shouting at him, I suddenly realized that it was the day of my observing silence. So I controlled my mind. I was silent. Later on, when I was not observing silence one day, when I felt anger, I just wondered what I would have done if I were silent. The anger simply melted away.” Such observances help us bring our mind under control and cultivate good habits.</div>
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Whatever be the spiritual path, for our progress, constant practices and observances are necessary. In many pilgrimages, for instance the sacred journey to Sabarimala, the observances that last for forty-one days make it possible to keep our mind fixed on God for that long.</div>
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Along with that, our mind and body get purified. We have to be careful about one thing. When the fasting period is over and if we go back to our old habits, there is no use with all the observances we did. We should be able to continue observing the good habits we developed during the fasting period.</div>
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But many do not take care in this matter. They go back to their old ways. When we do that, the goal of the observances of austerities fails. This is something, which we have to keep specially in our mind. We should transform the culture, power and control of mind, which we longed for through the observances for leading a better life. That is when temple visits and religious observances become fruitful.<br />
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<div style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;">--Amma, Sri Mata Amritanandamayi Devi </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;">Copyright-MAM</span></div>
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സത്യം സനാതനംhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13094826040532201226noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-752466280796282316.post-75700698139095269252013-12-24T21:58:00.000-08:002013-12-24T21:59:30.389-08:00മിത്രാരാധന <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPJQj9IoW2Qhzcq6duRIaJLXdlycQdSS6ZIwnopyAjYFLlSg-166dBhI_IV-PsLWOh1YS2jV2iY3O6n2C0zW65JSKZ8kYpCldnDA31f2rkgXhEcMZYUpQPyriPHK1Y65m6Dq4p9I9zb2MP/s1600/mitra.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPJQj9IoW2Qhzcq6duRIaJLXdlycQdSS6ZIwnopyAjYFLlSg-166dBhI_IV-PsLWOh1YS2jV2iY3O6n2C0zW65JSKZ8kYpCldnDA31f2rkgXhEcMZYUpQPyriPHK1Y65m6Dq4p9I9zb2MP/s320/mitra.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.727272033691406px; line-height: 17.99715805053711px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.727272033691406px; line-height: 17.99715805053711px;">വേദകാലം മുതൽക്കേ ആരാധിക്കപ്പെട്ടിരുന്ന ഒരു വൈദിക ദേവതയായിരുന്നു മിത്രൻ. ''മേദ്യതി സ്നിഹ്യതി സ്നിഹ്യതേ വാ സ മിത്രഃ'' എല്ലാവരെയും സ്നേഹിക്കുന്നവന് അല്ലെങ്കില് എല്ലാവരും</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.727272033691406px; line-height: 17.99715805053711px;">പ്രസാദിപ്പിക്കേണ്ടവനായതുകൊണ്ട് ഈശ്വരനെ മിത്രന് എന്നു വിളിക്കുന്നു. അദിതിയുടെ പുത്രന്മാരായ 12 ആദിത്യന്മാരിൽ ഒരാളാണ് മിത്രൻ. സൗഹൃദം, പ്രകാശം, ഋതം എന്നിവയുടെ ഈശ്വരനാണ് മിത്രൻ. ഭാരതത്തിൽ നിലനിന്നിരുന്ന മിത്രാരാധന പേര്ഷ്യയും ഏഷ്യാമൈനറും കടന്നു സിറിയ വഴി റോമില് എത്തിയപ്പോള്, ദേവന്റെ പേര് മിഥ്ര അല</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.727272033691406px; line-height: 17.99715805053711px;">്ലെങ്കില് മിഥ്രാസ് എന്നായ് രൂപാന്തരപ്പെട്ടു.</span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.727272033691406px; line-height: 17.99715805053711px;"><br /></span>
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.727272033691406px; line-height: 17.99715805053711px;"> BCE 4ആം നൂറ്റാണ്ടിന്റെ അവസാനം വരെ അഞ്ചു നൂറ്റാണ്ടുകള് റോമില് മിഥ്രമതം പ്രബലമായിരുന്നു. റോമന് അഭിരുചിക്കനുസരിച്ച് സ്വീകരിക്കപ്പെട്ട്, മിഥ്ര മതത്തില് നിന്നും റോമന്വത്കരിക്കപ്പെട്ട പ്രസിദ്ധമായ സോള് ഇന്വിക്ടസ് (Sol Invictus) എന്ന അജയ്യനായ സൂര്യദേവന്റെ പുനര്ജന്മ-ദിനം മധ്യശീതകാലത്തിന്റെ അവസാനമായ 'സാച്ചുര്ണാലിയയായി (Saturnalia) ഡിസംബര് 25 നു ആഘോഷിക്കപ്പെട്ടിരുന്നു. കഴിഞ്ഞു പോയ നല്ല ഭൂതകാലത്തിനോടുള്ള ആദരവായാണ് സാച്ചുര്ണാലിയ ആഘോഷങ്ങള് നടത്തിയിരുന്നത്. മെഴുകുതിരികള് കത്തിക്കുന്നതും, ആഹ്ലാദ പ്രകടനവും , സമ്മാനങ്ങള് നല്കലും ഒക്കെ ഈ ആഘോഷത്തിന്റെ ഭാഗമായിരുന്നു.<br /><br />ഈ ഡിസംബർ 25 സത്യം, പ്രത്യാശ, മൈത്രി, പ്രകാശം എന്നിവയുടെ പ്രതീകമായ മിത്ര ദേവന്റെ ആരധനയ്ക്കായ് നമുക്ക് നീക്കി വയ്ക്കാം.<br /><br /><b>മിത്രാരാധന</b><br /><br />ഒരു താലം നിറയെ മധുര പലഹാരങ്ങളും, ചുവന്ന പൂക്കളും വച്ച് അതിൽ ഒരു ചെറിയ വിളക്ക് തെളിച്ചു വയ്ക്കുക. താലം കയ്യിൽ എടുത്ത് സൂര്യനെ നോക്കി ആരതി ചെയ്യുക.(മന്ത്രം : ഓം മിത്രായ നമ:) അതിനു ശേഷം സുഹൃത്ത് ബന്ധത്തിനു സൂര്യനോളം പ്രകാശവും, ആയുസ്സും ഉണ്ടാവട്ടെ എന്ന പ്രാർത്ഥനയോടെ സുഹൃത്തുകലുടെ കയ്യിൽ ചുവന്ന ചരടുകൾ കെട്ടുകയും, പ്രസാദം പങ്കു വയ്ക്കുകയും ചെയ്യാം.<br /><br />സൂര്യന്റെ രംഗോലികൾ വരച്ചും, സൂര്യന്റെ ആകൃതിയിൽ ദീപങ്ങങ്ങൾ ഒരുക്കിയും മിത്രദിനം കൂടുതൽ വർണാഭം ആക്കാം.</span><br />
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സത്യം സനാതനംhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13094826040532201226noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-752466280796282316.post-50217063670571538512013-12-21T05:51:00.000-08:002013-12-22T05:01:55.799-08:00സൂര്യൻ പുനർജ്ജനിക്കുന്നു..<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: x-large;">മ</span></b><span style="color: #222222;">രം കോച്ചുന്ന തണുപ്പും, പെയ്തിറങ്ങുന്ന മഞ്ഞും മനോഹരമാക്കുന്ന രാവുകൾ സമ്മാനിച്ചാണ് ഓരോ ഡിസംബറും കടന്നുപോകുന്നത്. ദൈർഘ്യമേറിയ രാത്രികളാണ് ശൈത്യകാലത്ത് ഭൂമിയിൽ അനുഭവപ്പെടുക. ഏതാണ്ട് ലോകത്തെല്ലായിടത്തും ഈ കാലം വർണാഭമായ ആഘൊഷങ്ങൾക്കായ് നീക്കി വച്ചിരിക്കുന്നു. ധനുമാസത്തിലെ ആർദ്രാ വൃതം കേരളത്തിൽ പരക്കെ ആഘോഷിക്കുന്ന ഒന്നാണ്. രാത്രി ഉറക്കമൊഴിച്ചും, കുളത്തിൽ നീന്തി തുടിച്ചും,പാടിയും ആടിയും സ്ത്രീക</span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif;">ള്</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif;">തിരുവാതിര</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif;"> ആഘോഷിക്കുന്നു ശിവൻറെ നേത്രാഗ്നിയിൽ ദഹിച്ച തന്റെ പതി കാമദേവൻറെ പുനരുദ്ധാനത്തിനായ് ശിവനെ ഭജിച്ച രതീ ദേവിയുമായും, ശിവൻറെ ജന്മദിനവുമായും, ശിവനെ പതിയായ് ലഭിക്കാൻ ശ്രീ പാർവതി വൃതം നോറ്റതുമായും ഒക്കെയുള്ള ഐതീഹ്യങ്ങൾ തിരുവാതി</span><wbr style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif;"></wbr><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif;">രയുമായ് ബന്ധപ്പെട്ടു കിടക്കുന്നു. മറ്റൊരു ആഘോഷം</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif;"> മകര സംക്രാന്തി </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif;">ആണ് ഡിസംബർ അവസാനമോ ജനുവരി ആദ്യമോ ആയാണ് സാധാരണ മകര സംക്രാന്തി എത്തുന്നത്. ഈ ആഘോഷം സൂര്യന്റെ സംക്രമവുമായ് ബന്ധപ്പെട്ടിരിക്കുന്നു ഭാരതത്തിൽ വ്യാപകമായി പലരീതിയിലും, പേരുകളിലും ആഘോഷിക്കപ്പെടുന്ന ഒന്നാണ് മകരസംക്രാന്തി.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">ശബരിമല ക്ഷേത്രത്തിൽ മകര സംക്രമ പൂജ </td></tr>
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<tr><td><img height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEiZuYvR7Mj-MW-94nCNGtl_UYAnb7OpcqPjs1qVAqzuO_4YsvGF-yq082fKGrhvkV1W2tmNlH3bT2-1SixfwUA1klPs1IBnHor6atBLH0ds96X9Bjd5VzitgVaPQEwGwXXzkLInXl7LhNGbzqwvMT8dmvPw7QbRU6QkCFvgrDyn5GGSJTQpbk-U-_NQQCIo6_s4tRc=s0-d-e1-ft" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="320" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: start;"> മകര സംക്രാന്തി</span></td></tr>
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വളരെ മുൻപ് മുതൽക്കേ ലോകത്തിൽ എല്ലായിടത്തും ദക്ഷിണ അയനാന്തം വിപുലമായ ആഘോഷങ്ങളോടെ കൊണ്ടാടപ്പെട്ടിരുന്നു. റോമിൽ സോള് ഇന്വിക്ടസ് (Sol Invictus) എന്ന അജയ്യനായ സൂര്യദേവന്റെ പുനര്ജന്മ-ദിനം <span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">മധ്യശീതകാലത്തി<wbr></wbr>ന്റെ അവസാനത്തിൽ 'സാച്ചുര്</span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">ണാലിയ</span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">(</span>Sa<wbr></wbr>turnalia<span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">) എന്നപേരിൽ ഡിസംബര് 25 നു ആഘോഷിക്കപ്പെട്ടിരുന്നു. </span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">കഴിഞ്<wbr></wbr>ഞു പോയ നല്ല ഭൂതകാലത്തിനോടുള്ള ആദരവായാണ്</span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">സാച്ചുര്</span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">ണാലിയ ആഘോഷങ്ങള് നടത്തിയിരുന്നത്. </span><span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">മെഴുകുതിരികള്<wbr></wbr> കത്തിക്കുന്നതും, ആഹ്ലാദ പ്രകടനവും , സമ്മാനങ്ങള് നല്കലും ഒക്കെ ഈ ആഘോഷത്തിന്റെ ഭാഗമായിരുന്നു.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: small; text-align: left;">സോള് ഇന്വിക്ടസ്</span></td></tr>
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സ്കാന്റനേവിയയില് ദക്ഷിണായനാന<wbr></wbr>്തം യൂള് ആയി ആഘോഷിക്കപ്പെട്ടിരുന്നു. യൂൾ ലോഗ് എന്ന പേരിൽ അലംകരിച്ച ഒരു തടി നെരിപ്പോടില് ഇട്ടു കത്തിക്കുന്നു. അവർ ഈ അവസരത്തില് യൂള് ലോഗ് കൊണ്ടുവരുകയും ആശംസകള് ചൊരിയുകയും, കഴിഞ്ഞ വര്ഷത്തെ യൂള് ലോഗിന്റെ ശേഷിപ്പില് നിന്നും തീ പകരുകയും ചെയ്യുന്നു. ഗാനങ്ങൾ പാടി നൃത്തമാടി ഓരോ വീടുകൾ തോറും കോണ് ഡോളികള് (വൈക്കോലും ധാന്യവും ചേര്ത്ത് തയാറാക്കുന്ന പാവകള്)</div>
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ജര്മന് പേഗണുകള് 24 ഡിസംബര് രാത്രിയെ "മോഡ്രാനെക്റ്റ്" അഥവാ "മോഡ്രാനെച്ച്റ്റ്" എന്നാണു വിളിച്ചിരുന്നത്(പുരാതന ആംഗ്ലോ സാക്സന് ഭാഷയില് മാതാവിന്റെ രാത്രി എന്നര്ത്ഥം).ഇത് പ്രോമിസിന്റെ സൂര്യ പുത്രന് ജന്മം നല്കിയ മാതൃ ദേവിയോടുള്ള ബഹുമാന സൂചകമായിട്ടായിരുന്നു. "രാത്രികളുടെ ഈ ഇരുട്ടില് ഈ ദേവി മഹത്വമേറിയ മാതാവായ് മാറി വീണ്ടും ജന്മം നല്കുന്നു." ദീര്ഘമായ രാത്രിക്ക് ശേഷം ഉദയം ചെയ്യുന്ന സൂര്യനെ ഭാവാത്മകമായ് അവർ വർണിച്ചു. കെൽറ്റിക്- റോമൻ പാരമ്പര്യങ്ങളിൽ പുനരുജ്ജീവനത്<wbr></wbr>തിന്റെയും, നിത്യ ജീവന്റെയും, സമാധാനത്തിന്റെയു<wbr></wbr>ം പ്രതീകമായ മിസ്റ്റ്ലെറ്റോ, ഹോള്ളി, <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-align: center;">എവര്ഗ്രീന്</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-align: center;"> </span>മുതലായ ചെടികള് കൊണ്ട് അലങ്കരിക്കുകയും പതിവായിരുന്നു.</div>
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പുരാതന ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് മധ്യ ശീതകാല ആഘോഷങ്ങളില് ഏതെങ്കിലും ഒരാള് ശൈത്യ രാജനായ് (King Frost or King Winter) വേഷം കെട്ടുകയും അദ്ദേഹത്തെ വീടുകളിലേക്ക് ആനയിച്ച് നെരിപ്പോടിനരികില് ഇരുത്തി എന്തെങ്കിലും കുടിക്കാനും കഴിക്കാനും നല്കുകയും ചെയ്യുമായിരുന്നു.</div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif;">നോര്ജ്ജിയന് ദൈവമായ ഓഡിന് തന്റെ 12 വ്യക്തിത്വങ്ങളില് ഒന്നായ ജൂള് എന്ന വ്യക്തിത്വത്തോടെ ഭൂമി സന്ദര്ശിക്കുന്ന ഡിസംബര് 20 മുതല് 31 വരെ കാലയളവ് ജൂള്ടിഡ് എന്നറിയപ്പെടുന്നു. ഇപ്പോളും അത് യുലേറ്റിഡ് എന്നാ പേരില് നിലനില്ക്കുന്നു.</span>ജൂള്ടിഡ് നടക്കുമ്പോള് നീലനിറമുള്ള നീളന് തലപ്പാവും മേലങ്കിയും ധരിച്ച വെളുത്ത താടിയുള്ള ഒരു തടിച്ച വൃദ്ധനായ് ഓഡിന്, തന്റെ എട്ടുകാലുള്ള സ്ലെയിപ്നൈര് എന്ന കുതിരപ്പുറത്ത് ലോകം മുഴുവന് സഞ്ചരിച്ചു കൊണ്ട് നല്ലവര്ക്കു സമ്മാനങ്ങളും ദുഷ്ടര്ക്ക് ശിക്ഷയും നല്കും എന്ന് പറയപ്പെട്ടിരുന്നു.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: small;">ഓഡിന് <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: left;">എട്ടുകാലുള്ള സ്ലെയിപ്നൈര് എന്ന കുതിരപ്പുറത്ത്</span></span></td></tr>
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ജര്മന് സംസ്കാരങ്ങളിൽ എല്ലാ യൂളിനും, നന്മയുടെ ദൈവമായ ഥോര് അള്ത്താരയുള്ള എല്ലാ വീടും(അതായത് നേരിപ്പോടുള്ള എല്ലാവീടും! ) സന്ദര്ശിക്കുകയും കുട്ടികള്ക്കായ് സമ്മാനങ്ങള് കൊണ്ടുവരികയും രാത്രിയില് അവ അവരുടെ മരച്ചെരിപ്പുകള്ക്കുള്ളില് വക്കുകയും ചെയ്യുന്നു, നല്ല കുട്ടികള്ക്ക് പഴങ്ങള്, <span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif;">മിഠായി, നെരിപ്പോടില് കത്തിക്കുവാനുള്ള കരിക്കട്ടകള് എന്നിവ സമ്മാനമായ് ലഭിക്കുന്നു.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: start;">ഥോർ</span></td></tr>
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സൂര്യ ദേവതയായ അമതേരസു ഒരു ഗുഹയിൽ ഒളിച്ചപ്പോൾ ലോകം ഇരുട്ടിലാണ്ട് പോയതും ദേവന്മാരുടെ അപേക്ഷ പ്രകാരം അമതേരസു ഗുഹയിൽ നിന്നും പുറത്തേക്ക് വന്നതും ആണ് ജപ്പാൻകാരുടെ അയാനന്തവുമായ് ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട വിശ്വാസം.</div>
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സൊയാലുണ എന്നപേരിൽ അമേരിക്കയിലെ തദ്ദേശീയർ അയനാന്തം ആഘോഷിക്കുന്നു. ഭൂമിയിൽ നിന്നും അകന്നു നില്ക്കുന്ന സൂര്യ ദേവനെ അവർ ആഘോഷപൂർവം ആരാധിക്കുന്നു.</div>
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ഇങ്ങനെ ദൈർഘ്യം കുറഞ്ഞ പകലുകളും, ദൈർഘ്യമേറിയ രാവുകലുമുള്ള കാലം ലോകമെങ്ങും പ്രത്യാശയുടെയും, പ്രകാശത്തിന്റെയും ഉത്സവമായ് ആഘോഷിക്കപ്പെടുമ്പോൾ ഇരുളകന്നു വെളിച്ചം നിറയട്ടെ എന്ന പ്രാർത്ഥനയിൽ നമുക്കും പങ്കുചേരാം.</div>
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സത്യം സനാതനംhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13094826040532201226noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-752466280796282316.post-89195962023337663712013-11-21T06:44:00.005-08:002013-11-22T21:43:42.396-08:00തിരുവിതാംകൂറിന്റെ ദന്ത സിംഹാസനം<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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" 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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: start;">ഉത്രം തിരുന്നാൾ </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: start;">മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മ മഹാരാജാവ് </span></div>
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ആനക്കൊമ്പും മറ്റു അമൂല്യ വസ്തുക്കളും ഉപയോഗിച്ച് കേരളത്തിൽ നിർമിക്കപ്പെട്ട ഒരു സിംഹാസനമാണ് ചിത്രത്തിൽ കാണുന്നത്. ഭാരതത്തിൻറെ ശില്പ്പകലാ വൈദഗ്ധ്യത്തിൻറെയും, ഉദാരതയുടെയും പ്രതീകമാണ് ലണ്ടനിൽ സൂക്ഷിക്കപ്പെട്ടിരിക്കുന്ന ഈ ദന്ത സിംഹാസനം. തിരുവിതാംകൂറിൽ നിർമിക്കപ്പെട്ട ഇത് ഒരു രാജകീയ സമ്മാനമായാണ് ലണ്ടനിൽ എത്തിയത്. അതിന്റെ ചരിത്രം ഇങ്ങനെ:</div>
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<span style="color: #222222; text-align: justify;">1851 ൽ നടക്കാനിരിക്കുന്ന ലണ്ടൻ എക്സിബിഷനിലേക്ക് തിരുവിതാംകൂർ രാജ്യവും എന്തെങ്കിലുമൊക്കെ സംഭാവന ചെയ്യണമെന്ന ആവശ്യവുമായ് 1948 ൽ മദ്രാസ് ഗവണ്മെൻറ് അന്നത്തെ തിരുവിതാംകൂർ മഹാരാജാവായിരുന്ന ഉത്രം തിരുന്നാൾ മാർത്താണ്ഡവർമ്മയെ സമീപിച്ചു. തുടർന്ന് മഹാരാജാവ് ഇതിനായി ഒരു കമ്മറ്റിയെ നിർദ്ദേശിക്കാൻ ദിവാനോട് ആവശ്യപ്പെടുകയും. തത്ഫലമായ് ഒരു കമ്മിറ്റി നിലവിൽ വരികയും അവർ വളരെ വിജയകരമായ രീതിയിൽ ഇതിലേക്കായ് തിരുവിതാംകൂറിൻറെ യശ്ശസ്സ് ഉയർത്തിപ്പിടിക്കുന്ന പല വസ്തുക്കളും ശേഖരിക്കുകയും ചെയ്തു. ഈ കാലഘട്ടത്തിൽ മഹാരാജാവിൻറെ ഉപയൊഗത്തിനായ് ആനക്കൊമ്പിൽ ഒരു ഇരിപ്പിടം നിർമിച്ചു വരികയായിരുന്നു. തിരുവിതാംകൂറിൻറെ കലാവിരുതിനും പ്രൗഢിക്കും ഉത്തമോദാഹരണം ആയി മാറും എന്നതിനാൽ ഉടനെ തന്നെ പണിതീർത്ത് ഈ സിംഹാസനവും കൂടി അയക്കുവാൻ മഹാരാജാവ് നിശ്ചയിച്ചു.</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: justify;">പൗരസ്ത്യവും പാശ്ചാത്യവുമായ കൊത്തുപണികളുള്ള ഈ സിംഹാസനത്തിൽ തിരുവിതാംകൂറിൻറെ രാജമുദ്രയായ ശംഖ് ആലേഖനം ചെയ്തിരുന്നു. സിംഹത്തിന്റെ കാലുകളുടെ ആകൃതിയിലുള്ള കാലുകളും, സിംഹ മുഖം കൊത്തിയ പിടികളും, സ്വർണ-വെള്ളി കസവുകളുള്ള പച്ചപ്പട്ട് പൊതിഞ്ഞ മെത്തയും സിംഹാസനത്തിന്റെ രാജകീയതക്ക് മിഴിവേകി. സ്വർണം,വെള്ളി, വജ്രങ്ങൾ, മരതകങ്ങൾ, മാണിക്യങ്ങൾ എന്നിവയാൽ ഈ ദന്തസിംഹാസനം അലംകൃതം ആയിരുന്നു. കൊത്തുപണികളുടെ ബാഹുല്യം കൊണ്ടും, ഉപയോഗിച്ചിരുന്ന വസ്തുക്കളുടെ മൂല്യം കൊണ്ടും തിരുവിതാംകൂറിന്റെ കലാപാടവവും, സാമ്പത്തിക ഔന്നിത്യവുംവിളിച്ചോതുന്നതായിരുന്നു ഈ സിംഹാസനം. സിംഹാസനത്തോടൊപ്പം തത്തുല്യ മഹിമ പറയാവുന്ന ഒരു പാദപീഠവും. യാക്കിന്റെ രോമം ഉപയിഗിച്ചു നിർമിച്ച രണ്ടു വെഞ്ചാമരങ്ങളും ഉണ്ടായിരുന്നു. കൊച്ചു കുഞ്ഞ് ആചാരിയും അദ്ദേഹത്തിൻറെ മകൻ നീലകണ്ഠൻ ആചാരിയുമായിരുന്നു സിംഹാസനത്തിന്റെ നിർമാണം നടത്തിയത്.</span><br />
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എക്സിബിഷന് ശേഷം ഇംഗ്ലണ്ടിൻറെ മഹാറാണി തന്റെ സിംഹാസനം ആയി ഉപയോഗിക്കണം എന്ന ആഗ്രഹവും അറിയിച്ചു കൊണ്ട് ദന്ത നിർമിതമായ ഇരിപ്പിടം മറ്റു വസ്തുക്കളോടൊത്ത് ലണ്ടനിലേക്ക് അയച്ചു. ഈ സമ്മാനം വിക്ടോറിയ മാഹാറാണിയെ അത്ഭുതപ്പെടുത്തുകയും, സന്തോഷിപ്പി ക്കുകയും ചെയ്തു. എക്സിബിഷനിൽ ജനങ്ങളുടെ ശ്രദ്ധമുഴുവൻ ഈ സിംഹാസനം അപഹരിച്ചു. മഹാരാജാവിന്റെ ഉദാരതയെയും, തിരുവിതാംകൂറുകാരുടെ കരകൗശല വിദ്യയിലുള്ള നിപുണതയെയും പ്രകീർത്തിച്ച വിക്ടോറിയ മഹാറാണി ,നിസ്തുലമായ ഈ സമ്മാനത്തിനു കൃതജ്ഞത അറിയിച്ച് ഉത്രം തിരുന്നാൾ മഹാരാജാവിന് ഒരു കത്തയക്കുകയും, നിരവധി ഉപഹാരങ്ങൾ സമർപ്പിക്കുകയും ചെയ്തു.<br />
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പ്രൗഢഗംഭീരമായ ഒരു ഭൂതകാലത്തിന്റെയും,അപമാനകരമായ വൈദേശിക അടിമത്തത്തിന്റെയും കറുപ്പും വെളുപ്പും ഊടും പാവുമായ് നെയ്ത ഒരു തിരുശേഷിപ്പായ് ഭാരതത്തിൽ നിന്നും കാതങ്ങളകലെ ഈ സിംഹാസനം ഇന്നും നിലകൊള്ളുന്നു.<br />
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സത്യം സനാതനംhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13094826040532201226noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-752466280796282316.post-61489545294568110822013-11-11T23:22:00.001-08:002013-11-11T23:35:24.534-08:00Pancha Maha Yajnas Remain Revalvent<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;">Rishi Yajna, Deva Yajna, Manushya Yajna, Pitr Yajna and Bhuta Yajna—these are the five yajnas [sacrificial rituals]. Rishi Yajna is studying the scriptural texts. Puja, homa and other forms of worship fall under Deva Yajna. Taking care of guests is itself a yajna—Manushya Yajna. Protecting one’s mother and father is Pitr Yajna. Bhuta Yajna is protecting plants and animals. These five yajnas need to be observed by all people leading family life.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;">We are indebted to repay at least a portion of what we take from Nature. This is the great principle at the core of the five yajnas. Amma feels there is another principle behind the yajnas as well. The five yajnas are teaching us that, everyone, regardless of time and place, needs to learn to live with love and harmony with one another as well as with Nature.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;">Our rishis had no selfish desires or motives. It is the life-principles they taught that we have compiled as our scriptures. These books show us how to lead a proper life as well as about the nature of the world. They also teach us how to live so that we aren’t overpowered during adverse situations.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;">Someone who has studied agriculture knows which type of soil and which fertilizer each particular plant requires. He knows how to protect it from fungus and parasites. If someone decides to cultivate crops without first learning these basics, he may lose his entire harvest. In the same way, the scriptural texts help us to correctly understand life.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;">When firecrackers are set off without any warning, we will be startled. However if we know that they are about to go off, we won’t be that startled. One who doesn’t know how to swim will struggle in the waves, but someone who is a good swimmer is fully blissful swimming in the sea.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;">When we make studying the books comprising the words of our rishis part of our daily routine and apply what we learn from them in our lives, we are repaying our debt to these great souls. However, studying these texts is not enough; we need to apply that knowledge in our daily life. Just by reading a cookbook, no one’s hunger will be appeased. Daily study of the spiritual principles elucidated by the rishis so that we can make them an eternal part of our life is Rishi Yajna.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;">Prayer, worship, meditation, adhering to vows—all are part of Deva Yajna. Through such practices we gain concentration, intellectual sharpness, peace and mental purity. Through mantra japa, we eliminate extraneous thoughts. Through meditation we create intellectual clarity, subtlety and gain contentment and relief from agitation.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;">One should perform puja, homa and other rituals after understanding their principles. When we offer oblations into the sacrificial fire, we are in fact offering our own attachments. When we light an incense stick, we should imagine that we are offering ourselves in order to provide fragrance to the world. When we burn camphor during arati, we should imagine we are offering our ego, allowing it to burn until absolutely no selfishness remains. The chanting of the mantras and the smoke of the homa help purify both our mind, as well as the surrounding environment.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;">When we try to see every object as devata, it helps us to handle things with devotion, care and attention. Don’t we see even little children bowing respectfully before the lighted lamp? The belief that the divine is present in the lighted lamp comes to us naturally because of our traditional beliefs. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;">Fasting and other austerities help us gain control over our mind. Furthermore, they are extremely helpful for maintaining physical health. If you look, you will see that traditionally most of our fasts are in relation to the rising of the new moon. Scientific studies have revealed a connection between the waxing and waning of the moon and our mental states. During the full moon and moonless nights, people with mental problems often feel more disturbed and angry. Their emotions intensify. If they reduce their intake of food during these periods, only eat fruit and spend their time praying, the mental agitation can be reduced. Such fasting also increases our health and longevity. If a whole community observes such austerities, it has a positive impact on the environment as well. Rain and sunshine will come at the appropriate times. This is the principle behind the concept that through yajna the devatas could be pleased into making it rain.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;">Pitr Yajna should not be limited to tarpana and other such ancestral offerings. Real Pitr Yajna is when we serve our mother and father and other elders with reverence and love. If we fail to take care of them when they become infirm, their mental curse will remain in the atmosphere and eventually return to haunt us. It is even said that those who take proper care of their parents, respecting and honouring them, have no need for any other form of worshipping God. Matrdevo bhava pitrdevo bhava—“May the mother be God to you; may the father be God.” Isn’t that what is said?</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;">Our culture tells us to see guests as God. Atithi devo bhava—“May you see the guest as God.” Manushya Puja is worshipping guests with a love that expects nothing in return. This helps us to view everyone in the world as part of one family and to extend our love to one and all.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;">Our ancestors used to eat only after sipping water with tulasi, pipal or bilva leaves in it. We placed flora and fauna on the same level as gods and the vehicles that carry them. When we plant a sapling, water it and tenderly nurse it, when the first blossom appears, when we pluck the flowers and sew them into a garland… Throughout all these actions our mind remains focused on God. When we take a pen and a piece of paper and get ready to write to a friend, although the pen, the paper and the ink are different, we see the unity—our friend—in all of them. Similarly, we should try to see God behind each and every action. We should perform each action with the awareness that “This is for God.” This will help us understand and perceive the underlying unity behind the diverse creation. There are a lot of people who speak Advaita [the philosophy of non-duality]. No one is practicing it in their life. However the real devotee, through Bhuta Yajna [worshipping of animals and plants], is able to see the one truth shining in everything sentient and insentient. Without knowing Advaita, he lives the principle. Therefore, Amma feels we should remain steadfast in all of these yajnas. Doing so will bring prosperity and goodness across the land.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;">--Amma, Sri Mata Amritanandamayi Devi </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times new roman, times, serif;">Copyright-MAM</span></div>
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സത്യം സനാതനംhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13094826040532201226noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-752466280796282316.post-11282221155165175282013-11-01T21:17:00.002-07:002013-11-01T21:18:04.782-07:00ദീപാവലി<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">ദീപാവലി വീണ്ടും വന്നു ചേരുകയാണ്, ക്ഷേത്രങ്ങളിലും, സ്ഥാപനങ്ങളിലും, വീടുകളിലും നിര നിരയായ് പുഞ്ചിരി പൊഴിക്കുന്ന വിളക്കുകളും, പങ്കു വയ്ക്കപ്പെടുന്ന മധുര പലഹാരങ്ങളും ഒക്കെ ചേരുന്ന മനോഹരമായ ഒരു ഉത്സവമാണ് ദീപാവലി. തെളിഞ്ഞു നിൽക്കുന്ന ദീപങ്ങളും, പങ്കു വയ്ക്കപ്പെടുന്ന മധുര പലഹാരങ്ങളും പ്രതീക്ഷയുടെയും ആനന്ദത്തിന്റെയും കിരണങ്ങൾ നമ്മുടെ മനസ്സുകളിൽ നിറയ്ക്കുന്നു. എന്നാൽ ദീപാവലി ദിനം മണ്വിളക്കുകളിൽ തിരി തെളിക്കാനും, സുഹൃത്തുക്കൾക്ക് മധുരപലഹാരങ്ങൾ കൈമാറാനും മാത്രമുള്ള ഉത്സവമാണോ ?</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">വനവാസ</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">വും രാവണവധവും കഴിഞ്ഞു തിരിച്ചെത്തിയ ഭഗവാൻ ശ്രീരാമ ചന്ദ്രനെ അയോദ്ധ്യാവാസികൾ നിറദീപങ്ങൾ തെളിയിച്ച് വരവേറ്റത്തിന്റെയും, ക്രൂരനായ നരകാസുരനെ ഭഗവാൻ ശ്രീകൃഷ്ണൻ വധിച്ചതിന്റെയും ഒക്കെ സ്മരണയാണ് ദീപാവലി ആഘോഷത്തിൻറെ അടിസ്ഥാനം. പാരതന്ത്ര്യത്തിന്റെയും, തിന്മയുടെയും കറുത്ത നാളുകളുടെ അവസാനവും നന്മ നിറഞ്ഞ നാളുകളുടെ ആരംഭവും ആണ് ദീപാവലി. എന്നോ ജീവിച്ചു മരിച്ച അസുരന്മാർ മാത്രമല്ല നരകാസുരനും, രാവണനും. ഇന്നും നമ്മുടെ ലോകത്തെ ദുഃഖ പൂർണമാക്കിത്തീർക്കുന്ന സകല വിധ തിൻമകളുടെയും പ്രതീകങ്ങളും കൂടിയാണ്. അവരെ ഉന്മൂല നാശം വരുത്തേണ്ട ശ്രീരാമനും ശ്രീ കൃഷ്ണനും നമ്മുടെ ഉള്ളിലാണ് ജനിക്കേണ്ടതും, ജീവിക്കേണ്ടതും. മനസ്സിലും ലോകത്തിലും നിറഞ്ഞിരിക്കുന്ന തിന്മകളുടെ അവസാനവും നന്മയുടെ ആരംഭവും ആണ് ദീപാവലി.</span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br />മണ്വിളക്കുകളിലെ ദീപങ്ങൾ അൽപനേരത്തിന് ശേഷം അണഞ്ഞു പോകാം എന്നാൽ നാം തെളിക്കുന്ന നന്മയുടെ ദീപങ്ങൾ സൂര്യപ്രഭയോടെ കാലാതിവർത്തിയായ് നിലകൊള്ളും. പട്ടിണി കൊണ്ടും, ദാരിദ്ര്യം കൊണ്ടും ബുദ്ധിമുട്ടുന്ന പതിനായിരങ്ങൾ നമ്മുടെ നാട്ടിലുണ്ട് അവർക്കൊരു കൈത്താങ്ങേകുമ്പോൾ, നാം ചിലവഴിക്കുന്നതിൻറെ ചെറിയൊരംശമെങ്കിലും അവർക്കായ് നീക്കി വയ്ക്കാൻ തയാറാവുമ്പോൾ നാം ഒരു ദീപം തെളിക്കുകയാണ് ചെയ്യുന്നത്. പ്രകൃതിയെ മലിനമാക്കാതിരിക്കാൻ ശ്രദ്ധിക്കുമ്പോൾ, സഹാജീവികളോടു കാരുണ്യം കാണിക്കുമ്പോൾ, നിസ്വാർത്ഥമായ് സേവനം ചെയ്യുമ്പോൾ നാം സൂര്യശോഭ പൊഴിക്കുന്ന ദീപങ്ങൾ തെളിയിക്കുകയാണ് ചെയ്യുന്നത്.<br /><br />"ഇരുട്ടിനെ പഴിക്കാതെ ഒരു കൈത്തിരി കത്തിച്ചു വയ്ക്കൂ" എന്ന് പറയാറില്ലേ ?, നമ്മുടെ നാട് അനേകം വെല്ലു വിളികൾ നേരിട്ട് കൊണ്ടിരിക്കുന്നു ദാരിദ്ര്യം, അഴിമതി, സ്ത്രീകൾക്കെതിരായുള്ള അക്രമങ്ങൾ, കലാപങ്ങൾ അങ്ങനെ അങ്ങനെ പലതും. ഇവിടെ എല്ലാത്തിനും മറ്റു പലരെയും പഴി പറഞ്ഞു നേരം കളയുന്നു. എന്തുകൊണ്ട് നമുക്ക് ഈ ഇരുട്ടിൽ ഒരു കൈത്തിരി തെളിയിച്ചു കൂടാ ? നമ്മളാൽ ആകുന്ന ഒരു ചെറിയ സേവനം ചെയ്തു കൊണ്ട് ദീപാവലി നമുക്ക് ആഘോഷിച്ചു കൂടേ ?<br /><br />അതെ ഈ ദീപാവലി അങ്ങനെയുള്ള ഒന്നായ് തീരട്ടെ, ഭക്ഷണം ഇല്ലാത്തവർക്ക് ഭക്ഷണം എത്തിക്കാൻ ശ്രമിച്ചുകൊണ്ട്, ജീവിതത്തിൽ നിന്നും ഒരു ദുശീലമെങ്കിലും കുറച്ചു കൊണ്ട്, നമ്മുടെ സംസ്കാരത്തെ അറിയാനും അറിയിക്കാനും അല്പമെങ്കിലും സമയം ചിലവഴിച്ചുകൊണ്ട്, ഒരു മരമെങ്കിലും നട്ടു വളർത്തിക്കൊണ്ട്, ബുദ്ധിമുട്ടുന്നവരെ നിസ്വാർത്ഥമായ് സഹായിക്കാൻ ശ്രമിച്ചു കൊണ്ട് ദീപാവലി നമുക്ക് ആഘോഷിക്കാം.<br /><br />സേവനത്തിന്റെയും, സ്നേഹത്തിന്റെയും, ആനന്ദത്തിന്റെയും ദീപങ്ങങ്ങൾ തെളിച്ചു കൊണ്ട് മനോഹരമായ ഒരു ദീപാവലി ആഘോ ഷിക്കാൻ എല്ലാവർക്കും കഴിയട്ടെ എന്ന് ജഗദീശ്വരിയോടു പ്രാർത്ഥിക്കുന്നു... അസത്യത്തില് നിന്നും സത്യത്തിലേക്കും, ഇരുട്ടില് നിന്നും വെളിച്ചത്തിലേക്കും, മരണത്തില് നിന്നും അമരത്ത്വത്തിലെക്കും അവിടുന്ന് നമ്മെ നയിക്കട്ടെ.<br /><br />ഓം അസതോമാ സദ്ഗമയ<br />തമസോമാ ജ്യോതിര്ഗമയ<br />മൃത്യോര്മാ അമൃതംഗമയ<br />ഓം ശാന്തി: ശാന്തി: ശാന്തി:</span><br />
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സത്യം സനാതനംhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13094826040532201226noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-752466280796282316.post-15079146355054186672013-10-30T01:34:00.000-07:002013-10-30T01:38:27.916-07:00തമസോമാ ജ്യോതിര്ഗമയഃ<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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ഇരുളടഞ്ഞ വഴിത്താരകളിൽ നിറ ദീപങ്ങൾ തെളിച്ചുകൊണ്ട് മറ്റൊരു ദീപാവലി കടന്നു വരികയാണ്. മധുര പലഹാരങ്ങളും, അലങ്കാര ദീപങ്ങളും നിറം ചാർത്തുന്ന ദീപാവലി ഭാരതീയൻറെ നിത്യജീവിതത്തോട് വളരെ അധികം താദാത്മ്യപ്പെട്ടിരിക്കുന്നു. കേവലം വിനോദത്തിനും, ബാഹ്യ പ്രകടനങ്ങൾക്കും ഉപരി ഉദാത്തവും ഉജ്ജ്വലവുമായ സന്ദേശങ്ങൾ ദീപാവലി നമ്മോടു മനോഹരമായ് സംവദിക്കുന്നു.</div>
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ദീപാവലി ദീപങ്ങളുടെ ആവലി ആണ്, അഥവാ വിളക്കുകളുടെ കൂട്ടം </div>
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അനേകം വിളക്കുകളിലേ പ്രകാശം ഒന്നായ് ഒരു പ്രകാശ ധാരയായ് മാറുന്നു. പരസ്പരം മധുര പലഹാരങ്ങൾ വിതരണം ചെയ്തും, ഒത്തുചേർന്ന് പ്രാർത്ഥനകൾ അർപ്പിച്ചും ആഘോഷിക്കപ്പെടുന്ന ദീപാവലി ഒരേ സമയം മാധുര്യത്തിൻറെയും, പ്രകാശത്തിന്റെയും, കൂട്ടായ്മയുടെയും സ്മരണ നമ്മിൽ ഉണർത്തുന്നു. </div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.1875px;">ബൃഹദാരണ്യകോപനിഷത്തിലൂടെ ഋഷി നമ്മോടു പങ്കുവച്ച</span></div>
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തമസോമാ ജ്യോതിര്ഗമയഃ എന്നാ മഹത്തായ ദർശനം തന്നെയാണ് , ദീപാവലിയുടെയും സന്ദേശം. ഇരുളിൽ നിന്നും വെളിച്ചത്തിലെക്കു ഉപനയിക്കുന്ന സനാതന സംസ്കൃതിയുടെ മഹോത്സവമാണ് ദീപാവലി. രാവണ നിഗ്രഹം ചെയ്തു വനവാസാനന്തരം മടങ്ങി വന്ന ഭഗവാൻ ശ്രീരാമ ചന്ദ്രനെ അയോദ്ധ്യാ നിവാസികൾ ദീപങ്ങൾ തെളിയിച്ചു സ്വീകരിച്ചതിന്റെ ഒർമ പുതുക്കലാണത്രേ ദീപാവലി.</div>
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ദീപാവലിയുടെ മറ്റൊരു ഐതീഹ്യം നരകാസുരനെ വധിച്ച് 1600 കന്യകമാരെ സ്വതന്ത്ര്യമാക്കിയ ശ്രീ കൃഷ്ണവിജയത്തിന്റെ സ്മരണയാണ് ദീപാവലി എന്നതാണ്. വർദ്ധമാനമഹാവീരൻറെ നിർവാണ ദിനവും ദീപാവലിയാണ്. ഭാരതവർഷത്തിൽ രൂപം കൊണ്ട മിക്ക സമ്പ്രദായക്കാരും, മിക്ക ദേശക്കാരും ദീപാവലി ആഘോഷിക്കുന്നു. ഇന്ന് ലോകമെങ്ങും ആഘോഷിക്കുന്ന ഒരു ആഘോഷമായ് ദീപാവലി മാറിയിരിക്കുന്നു.</div>
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ദീപാവലി നമ്മുടെ ജീവിതപഥങ്ങളിൽ വെളിച്ചം പൊഴിക്കട്ടെ എന്നാശംസിക്കുന്നു..</div>
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വന്ദേ മാതരം </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.vedicodyssey.com/adventures/1110_rajasthan/rajasthan_spiritual_adventure-diwali.shtml" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNbLJXxP0ZfzB6oDhgJHPyPO-YJm-K8P10ihfA9x15ErxO4NUSbuaKErAH4wPZ5wuR3N_F9r_9uqL0Z3KMY1ekWqjvudIP1QUtba8lITuHKu4Uj4ag3AQlXhD36tMMH1BcGXqhW_K2cuTL/s400/01-golden-temple-diwali.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.vedicodyssey.com/adventures/1110_rajasthan/rajasthan_spiritual_adventure-diwali.shtml" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">ദീപാവലി പ്രഭയിൽ സുവർണ ക്ഷേത്രം (പ്രമുഖ സിഖ് ക്ഷേത്രം )</a></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_761999034" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd8ihkdPN6h4SrgajjAqZJ84gq4tXPaJXvO75d6_jeeC-DgiSDmEBuyfvmbfGzFfjaMe-tPQPd0B_EVt3CBOyk9xzqahZ3ysh2KYnDcrHc3vlRvu2jxRe5n4MVA750SH_vF4RFxSerKtva/s400/spain-04.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_761999034" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">ശ്രീ മാതാ അമൃതാനന്ദമയി ദേവി ഭക്തരോടൊപ്പം ദീപാവലി ആഘോഷിക്കുന്നു</a><a href="http://www.amritapuri.org/3575/deepavali.aum">.<span id="goog_761999030"></span><span id="goog_761999031"></span></a></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2011/10/26/diwali-white-house" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf-cExaMO8xa0rZAXEwtz736gBTFUK4iPmNcUwzHCB7lLplE3-D_nubdT2VCEDUmeCD_BKTU6t5zLueq1GH0KRcGXqJA35FoFeUI7RqHd2HK6JDKCYotxfJn7gz3O7aaAkqQZ55bubSyG5/s400/obama-diwali-white-house-re.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">
<a href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2011/10/26/diwali-white-house" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">വൈറ്റ് ഹൗസ് അമേരിക്ക: രാഷ്ട്രപതി ഒബാമ ദീപം തെളിച്ച് ദീപാവലി ആഘോഷിക്കുന്നു.</a></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/7066987.stm" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKny7yF_i2cZCa7n8lkrM58sdcJmIRDLrG-e2HutRaMIXDJLCnUY64MHKU5BMpp_lPC1m_Ov0oGttS96hF01JNlS16ZYNetO4GG_lKEAs9z3Na6EfVPC5QJiT3RzdlSbybG1kK_IP0t-Xc/s400/_44203692_diwali1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/7066987.stm" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">ലണ്ടൻ, ട്രഫാൽഗർ സ്ക്വയറിൽ നടന്ന ദീപാവലി ആഘോഷം</a></td></tr>
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സത്യം സനാതനംhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13094826040532201226noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-752466280796282316.post-715765294172958692013-10-06T21:26:00.002-07:002013-10-06T22:05:38.635-07:00നവരാത്രി ദേവിമാർ <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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മാതൃരൂപിയായ ജഗദീശ്വരിയെ നവരാത്രി ദിനങ്ങളിൽ ഒൻപത് ഭാവങ്ങളിൽ ആരാധിക്കുന്നു, ഈ ദേവീ രൂപങ്ങൾ നവ ദുർഗ്ഗമാർ എന്നറിയപ്പെടുന്നു.</div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
പ്രഥമം ശൈലപുത്രീതി ദ്വിതീയം ബ്രഹ്മചാരിണീ<br />
ത്രുതീയം ചന്ദ്രഘണ്ടേതി കൂശ്മാണ്ഡേതി ചതുര്ത്ഥകം<br />
പഞ്ചമം സ്കന്ദമേതേതി ഷഷ്ടം കാത്യായനീതി ച<br />
സപ്തമം കാളരാത്രീതി മഹാഗൌരീതി ചാഷ്ടമം<br />
നവമം സിദ്ധിതാ പ്രോക്താ നവദുര്ഗ്ഗാഃ പ്രകീര്ത്തിതാഃ</blockquote>
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ദേവീ കവചത്തിൽ ഇപ്രകാരം നവ ദുർഗ്ഗകളെ പറയപ്പെട്ടിരിക്കുന്നു.</div>
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<b><span style="font-size: small;">ശൈലപുത്രി </span></b></h3>
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<img alt="Navadurga: The Nine Forms of Goddess Durga" height="320" src="http://0.tqn.com/d/hinduism/1/5/m/X/durga_shailaputri.jpg" width="195" /><br />
ഹിമവാന്റെ മകളായ ശ്രീ പാർവതിയാണ് ശൈലപുത്രി.<br />
വൃഷഭാരൂരൂഢയായ് ഇരു കരങ്ങളിൽ തൃശൂലവും താമരയും ഏന്തി നിൽക്കുന്ന ദുർഗാ ഭാവമാണിത്. ബ്രഹ്മാ വിഷ്ണു മഹേശ്വരന്മാരുടെ ശക്തികൾ ഒന്നുചേർന്ന മൂർത്തിഭാവമാണ് ശൈലപുത്രി. ഒന്നാം രാത്രി ശൈലപുത്രിയുടെ ആരാധനയ്ക്കായ് നീക്കി വയ്ക്കപ്പെട്ടിരിക്കുന്നു.<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: small;">ബ്രഹ്മചാരിണീ</span></b></h3>
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<img alt="http://0.tqn.com/d/hinduism/1/0/p/X/durga_brahmacharini.jpg" height="320" src="http://0.tqn.com/d/hinduism/1/0/p/X/durga_brahmacharini.jpg" width="195" /><br />
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ശിവന്റെ പത്നിയായ് തീരുവാൻ നാരദമുനിയുടെ നിർദ്ദേശപ്രകാരം കഠിനതപസ്സ് അനുഷ്ഠിച്ചതിനാൽ ദേവിയ്ക്ക് ബ്രഹ്മചാരിണി എന്ന നാമം ലഭിച്ചു. കയ്യിൽ ജപമാലയും കമണ്ഡലുവും ഏന്തി തപസ്സു ചെയ്യുന്ന രൂപത്തിലുള്ള ദുർഗ്ഗയാണ് ബ്രഹ്മചാരിണീ. രണ്ടാം രാത്രി ബ്രഹ്മചാരിണീയുടെ ആരാധനയ്ക്കായ് നീക്കി വയ്ക്കപ്പെട്ടിരിക്കുന്നു<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: small;">ചന്ദ്രഘണ്ഡാ</span></b></h3>
<img alt="Navadurga: The Nine Forms of Goddess Durga" height="320" src="http://0.tqn.com/d/hinduism/1/5/j/X/durga_chandraghanta.jpg" width="198" /><br />
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നെറ്റിയിൽ ഒരു മണിയുടെ ആകൃതിയിൽ ചന്ദ്രക്കലയുള്ളതിനാൽ ദേവി ചന്ദ്രഘണ്ഡാ എന്ന നാമത്തിൽ അറിയപ്പെടുന്നു. ശൗര്യവും ശക്തിയും ദേവി പ്രദാനം ചെയ്യുന്നു. സിംഹവാഹിനിയായ ദേവിക്ക് പത്തുകൈകളുണ്ട്. ഓരോകൈകളിലുമായ് പത്മം, ധനുസ്, ബാണം, കമണ്ഡലു, ഖഡ്ഗം, ഗദ, ശൂലം എന്നീ ആയുധങ്ങളുണ്ട്. മൂന്നാം രാത്രി ചന്ദ്രഘണ്ഡയുടെ ആരാധനയ്ക്കായ് നീക്കി വയ്ക്കപ്പെട്ടിരിക്കുന്നു.</div>
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<b>കൂശ്മാണ്ഡ</b></h3>
<img alt="Navadurga: The Nine Forms of Goddess Durga" height="320" src="http://0.tqn.com/d/hinduism/1/5/i/X/durga_kushmanda.jpg" width="195" /></div>
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പ്രപഞ്ചം സൃഷ്ടിച്ച ശക്തിയാണ് കൂഷ്മാണ്ഡ. അഷ്ടഭുജങ്ങളിൽ ദേവി താമര, വിവിധ ആയുധങ്ങൾ, ജപമാല മുതലായവ ധരിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നു. സിംഹ വാഹിനിയായ കൂശ്മാണ്ഡ ദേവിയുടെ ആരാധനയ്ക്കായ് നവരാത്രിയിലെ നാലാം ദിനം സമർപ്പിക്കപ്പെട്ടിരിക്കുന്നു.<br />
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<b>സ്കന്ദമാതാ</b></h3>
<img alt="Navadurga: The Nine Forms of Goddess Durga" height="320" src="http://0.tqn.com/d/hinduism/1/5/o/X/durga_skandamata.jpg" width="196" /><br />
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ബാലമുരുകനെ മടിയിലിരുത്തി അനുഗ്രഹം തൂകുന്ന ദിവ്യ രൂപമാണ് അഞ്ചാം ദിനത്തിലെ ആരാധനാ മൂർത്തി.സ്കന്ദൻ അഥവാ മുരുകന്റെ മാതാവായതിനാൽ ദേവിയെ സ്കന്ദമാതാ എന്ന് വിളിക്കുന്നു. ചതുർഭുജയും തൃനേത്രയുമാണ് ഈ ദേവി.<br />
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<b>കാത്യായനീ</b></h3>
<img alt="Navadurga: The Nine Forms of Goddess Durga" height="320" src="http://0.tqn.com/d/hinduism/1/5/k/X/durga_katyayani.jpg" width="196" /></div>
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കാത്യായന ഋഷിയുടെ പുത്രിയായ് അവതരിച്ച ദേവിയാണ് കാത്യായനി. ആറാം രാത്രി കാത്യായനിയുടെ ആരാധനയാൽ മഹത്വ പൂർണമാകുന്നു.<br />
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<b>കാളരാത്രീ</b></h3>
<img alt="Navadurga: The Nine Forms of Goddess Durga" height="320" src="http://0.tqn.com/d/hinduism/1/5/q/X/durga_kalaratri.jpg" width="196" /><br />
കറുത്ത ശരീരവർണ്ണമുള്ള കാളരാത്രി ദുർഗ്ഗയുടെ രൗദ്ര രൂപമാണ്. ജടയും ത്രിലോചനങ്ങളുമുള്ള ദേവി ഗർദഭ വാഹിനിയാണ്. ചതുർബാഹുവായ ദേവിയുടെ വലതുകരങ്ങൾ സർവദാ ഭക്തരെ ആശിർവദിച്ചുകൊണ്ടിരിക്കുന്നു. <wbr></wbr>ഭക്തരെ എല്ലാവിധ ഭയത്തിൽനിന്നും ക്ലേശങ്ങളിൽനിന്നും സംരക്ഷിക്കുന്നതിനാൽ ദേവിക്ക് ശുഭകാരി എന്നൊരു നാമവുമുണ്ട്.കാളരാത്രീ ഭാവത്തിൽ ദേവിയെ ആരാധിക്കുവാനുള്ള ദിവ്യ ദിനമായ് ഏഴാം ദിവസം സമർപ്പിക്കപ്പെട്ടിരിക്കുന്നു.<br />
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<b>മഹാഗൗരീ</b></h3>
<img alt="Navadurga: The Nine Forms of Goddess Durga" height="320" src="http://0.tqn.com/d/hinduism/1/5/l/X/durga_mahagauri.jpg" width="196" /><br />
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പ്രശാന്തതയുടേയും വിജ്ഞാനത്തിന്റെയും പ്രതീകമാണ് മഹാഗൗരീ. വെളുത്ത നിറമുള്ള ദേവി എന്നാണ് മഹാഗൗരി എന്ന വാക്കിന്റെ അർത്ഥം.അഭയ വരദ മുദ്രകളും ശൂലവും ഢമരുവും ഏന്തി നില്ക്കുന്ന നാലുകൈകളുള്ള ദേവിയുടെ വാഹനം കാളയാണ്. </div>
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എട്ടാം രാത്രി മഹാ ഗൗരിയായ് ദുർഗ്ഗാ ദേവി ആരാധിക്കപ്പെടുന്നു.<br />
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സിദ്ധിധാത്രി</h3>
<img alt="Navadurga: The Nine Forms of Goddess Durga" height="320" src="http://0.tqn.com/d/hinduism/1/5/n/X/durga_siddhidatri.jpg" width="196" /><br />
സർവദാ ആനന്ദകാരിയായ സിദ്ധിധാത്രി തന്റെ ഭക്തർക്ക് സർവസിദ്ധികളും പ്രധാനം ചെയ്യുന്നു. സകലരെയും അനുഗ്രഹിച്ചു വിളങ്ങുന്ന സിദ്ധിധാത്രി രൂപത്തിൽ ദുർഗ്ഗാ ദേവി ഒൻപതാം ദിവസം ആരാധിക്കപ്പെടുന്നു.</div>
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കൂടാതെ ആദ്യ മൂന്നു ദിവസം മഹാകാളിയായും, പിന്നീടുള്ള മൂന്നു ദിനം മഹാലക്ഷ്മിയായും, അവസാന മൂന്നു ദിനങ്ങളിൽ മഹാസരസ്വതിയായും ആരാധിക്കുന്ന പതിവും ഉണ്ട്.</div>
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സത്യം സനാതനംhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13094826040532201226noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-752466280796282316.post-35985554746899890112013-08-15T21:41:00.000-07:002013-08-15T21:41:11.354-07:00amma on independence<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">മക്കളേ,</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;" /><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യമെന്നത് അനാദികാലംമുതല് മനുഷ്യന് മനസ്സില് താലോലിക്കുന്ന സങ്കല്പമാണ്. ഓരോ ജീവിക്കും സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യം പ്രാണന്പോലെ വിലപ്പെട്ടതാണ്. നമ്മുടെ ശരീരത്തിന്റെയും മനസ്സിന്റെയും ബുദ്ധിയുടെയുമെല്ലാം ശരിയായ വളര്ച്ചയ്ക്കും വികാസത്തിനും സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യം കൂടിയേതീരൂ. എങ്കിലും ഒരുസത്യം നമ്മള് മനസ്സിലാക്കണം. ഒരാള് അമിത സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യമെടുത്താല് മറ്റുള്ളവര്ക്ക് അത് അസ്വാതന്ത്ര്യവും ദുഃഖവുമുണ്ടാക്കും. മാത്രമല്ല, പിന്നീടത് അയാള്ക്കുതന്നെയും ദുഃഖത്തിന് കാരണമാകും.</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;" /><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">ഒരു കഥയോര്ക്ക</span><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">ുന്നു: ഒരുയുവാവ് എന്നും കാമുകിയെ കാണാന് ബൈക്കില് പോകും. കാമുകിയെ കാണാനുള്ള ആവേശംകാരണം പോകുന്നവഴിക്ക് അയാള് ട്രാഫിക് നിയമങ്ങളൊന്നും പാലിക്കാറില്ല. ചുവന്ന ലൈറ്റ് കിടന്നാലും വണ്ടിനിര്ത്താതെ ഓടിച്ചുപോകും. അതുകാരണം പലപ്പോഴും അപകടം സംഭവിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ട്. എന്നാലതൊന്നും അയാള് അത്ര കാര്യമാക്കാറില്ല. ഒരു ദിവസം ബൈക്കില് പോകുമ്പോള് ചുവന്ന ലൈറ്റുകണ്ട ഉടനെ അയാള് വണ്ടിനിര്ത്തി. പോക്കറ്റില്നിന്ന് കാമുകിയുടെ ഫോട്ടോ എടുത്ത് അതില് നോക്കിക്കൊണ്ടിരുന്നു. പച്ചലൈറ്റ് തെളിയുന്നതുവരെ അവിടെ കാത്തുകിടന്നു. അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ ഒരു കൂട്ടുകാരനും അന്ന് കൂടെയുണ്ടായിരുന്നു. പതിവിന് വിപരീതമായി സിഗ്നല് കണ്ടയുടനെ അയാള് ബൈക്ക് നിര്ത്തിയതുകണ്ടപ്പോള് സുഹൃത്ത് കാരണംതിരക്കി. അപ്പോള് യുവാവ് പറഞ്ഞു: ''ഇതുവരെയും അവളെ കാണാനുള്ള ആവേശത്തില് ഞാനെല്ലാം മറന്നുപോകുമായിരുന്നു. വാഹനങ്ങളോ നിയമങ്ങളോ ഒന്നും ഞാന് ചിന്തിച്ചിരുന്നതേയില്ല. അവളെകാണുക എന്ന ഒറ്റസ്വാര്ഥത മാത്രമാണ് എന്നെ നയിച്ചിരുന്നത്. എന്നാല്, എനിക്കെന്തെങ്കിലും അപകടം സംഭവിച്ചാല് അവള് ദുഃഖിക്കുമല്ലോ എന്ന് ഇപ്പോള് ചിന്തിക്കാന് തുടങ്ങി. അതോടെ ഈ നിയമങ്ങള് പാലിക്കുന്നതില് ശ്രദ്ധവെച്ചു.''<br /><br />ഇതുപോലെ നമ്മള് സ്വന്തം ഇഷ്ടാനിഷ്ടങ്ങള്മാത്രം നോക്കുമ്പോള് നിയമങ്ങളും നിയന്ത്രണങ്ങളും ഒന്നും ആവശ്യമായി തോന്നുകയില്ല. എന്നാല്, മറ്റുള്ളവരെക്കൂടി പരിഗണിക്കാനുള്ള ശ്രദ്ധയും ക്ഷമയും ഉണ്ടാകുമ്പോള് അവയൊക്കെ അംഗീകരിക്കാന് തയ്യാറാകും. വ്യക്തിയുടെ താത്പര്യവും സമൂഹത്തിന്റെ താത്പര്യവും സന്തുലിതമായി പോകണം. ഇതിനെ തന്നെയാണ് ഭാരതീയര് ധര്മമെന്ന് വിളിച്ചത്. ധര്മത്തില് അധിഷ്ഠിതമായ സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യമാണ് നമുക്കാവശ്യം. പുരോഗതിയുടെ മാര്ഗമതാണ്.<br /><br />വാസ്തവത്തില് ജീവിതത്തിലൊരിക്കലും പൂര്ണമായ സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യം സാധ്യമല്ല. സുഖവും ദുഃഖവും സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യവും അസ്വാതന്ത്ര്യവും ജീവിതമാകുന്ന നാണയത്തിന്റെ ഇരുവശങ്ങളാണ്. അവ ഒരുമിച്ചേ നില്ക്കുകയുള്ളൂ. കോടിക്കണക്കിന് സമ്പത്ത് കുന്നുകൂട്ടിയ കോടീശ്വരന്മാര് ഈ ലോകത്ത് ഉണ്ടായിട്ടുണ്ട്. രാജ്യങ്ങളും വന്കരകളും വെട്ടിപ്പിടിച്ച ചക്രവര്ത്തിമാരുമുണ്ടായിട്ടുണ്<wbr></wbr>ട്. എന്നാല്, ഒടുക്കം അവരിലധികംപേര്ക്കും ലഭിച്ചത് ദുഃഖവും നിരാശയും അസ്വാതന്ത്ര്യവും തന്നെയായിരുന്നു. അപ്പോള് പിന്നെ പൂര്ണസ്വാതന്ത്ര്യം എവിടെയാണ്? ബാഹ്യലോകത്തിലെ പ്രശ്നങ്ങളും പ്രയാസങ്ങളും അല്പം പോലും ബാധിക്കാത്ത ഒരുതലം നമുക്കുണ്ട്. അതിനെയാണ് നമ്മുടെ ഉണ്മ അല്ലെങ്കില് ആത്മസ്വരൂപമെന്ന് പറയുന്നത്. അതിനെയറിഞ്ഞാല് എല്ലാ പ്രശ്നങ്ങളുടെയിടയിലും പൂര്ണമായ സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യം അനുഭവിക്കാനാകും. എന്നാല്, വ്യക്തിപരമായ ആത്മീയ ഉന്നതി കൊണ്ടുമാത്രം ഒരുരാഷ്ട്രത്തിന് മുന്നേറാന് കഴിയില്ല. അതുകൊണ്ടാണ് നമ്മുടെ പൂര്വികര് ധാര്മിക അടിത്തറയിലുള്ള പുരോഗതിക്ക് പ്രാധാന്യം കൊടുത്തത്.<br /><br />നമ്മുടെ സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യസമരപ്പോരാളികള് ധാര്മിക മൂല്യങ്ങള് സ്വജീവിതത്തില് പകര്ത്തിയവരായിരുന്നു. ജനങ്ങളില് ധര്മബോധമില്ലെങ്കില് രാഷ്ട്രം ഭൗതികമായിപ്പോലും പിറകിലായിപ്പോകും. വീണ്ടുമൊരു സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യദിനം ആഘോഷിക്കുന്ന ഈ വേളയില് ഈ സത്യത്തെക്കുറിച്ച് നമ്മളെല്ലാം ബോധവാന്മാരാകേണ്ടിയിരിക്കുന്നു.<br /><br />അമ്മ</span><br />
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 18px; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #222222; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; display: inline ! important; float: none; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>©</span></b></span> MAM</span> </span></div>
സത്യം സനാതനംhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13094826040532201226noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-752466280796282316.post-27728679702513496832013-08-14T10:12:00.000-07:002013-08-14T10:12:42.920-07:00Remember our Real HEROES<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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സത്യം സനാതനംhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13094826040532201226noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-752466280796282316.post-58447815670926241942013-08-12T11:35:00.000-07:002013-08-12T11:42:18.074-07:0067th Independence day of India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Even if I have to face death a thousand times for the sake of my Motherland, I shall not be sorry. Oh Lord ! Grant me a hundred births in Bharat. But grant me this, too, that each time I may give up my life in the service of the Mother land.’ -Ram Prasad Bismil (a freedom fighter)</span><br />
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We Indians when celebrating the 67th Independence day of India, should never forget the sacrifice of thousands who laid down their lives for our freedom. Let us salute all these brave souls on this occasion.</div>
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Bharat Mata ki Jai</div>
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സത്യം സനാതനംhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13094826040532201226noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-752466280796282316.post-56842762991122537142013-05-24T22:35:00.001-07:002013-05-24T23:01:39.269-07:00ഇന്ന് ബുദ്ധപൂർണിമ<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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സത്യം സനാതനംhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13094826040532201226noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-752466280796282316.post-14549198339748585032013-04-29T02:04:00.002-07:002013-04-29T02:04:21.988-07:00ഇന്നു ലോക നൃത്ത ദിനം..<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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ലാസ്യ-താണ്ഡവങ്ങളെ സമഞ്ജസമായ് സമന്വയിപ്പിച്ചു കൊണ്ടുള്ള അനേകം നൃത്ത രൂപങ്ങൾക്ക് നമ്മുടെ സംസ്കാരം ജന്മം നല്കി. വനവാസികളുടെ വാദ്യ നൃത്തങ്ങൾ മുതൽ സങ്കീർണതകൾ നിറഞ്ഞ കൂടിയാട്ടം, കഥകളി,തെയ്യം മുതലായ സകല നൃത്ത രൂപങ്ങളും ധാർമിക മൂല്യങ്ങളും, ആത്മീയ ഉന്നതയും ഒക്കെയായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ടിരിക്കുന്നു. </div>
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ദേവതാ സങ്കൽപ്പങ്ങളിൽ പോലും നൃത്തത്തിനു നാം പ്രാധാന്യം കല്പ്പിച്ചു, നടരാജനും, രാസലീലയും ചണ്ഡികാ നൃത്തവും ഒക്കെ ചില ഉദാഹരണങ്ങൾ മാത്രം, കലകൾ ആത്മീയതയ്ക്കും മതത്തിനും എതിരല്ല എന്നും അവ സ്വയമേ ആത്മീയോന്നതിക്കുള്ള മാർഗങ്ങൾ ആണെന്നും പഠിപ്പിച്ച ഒരു മഹാ സംസ്കൃതിക്ക് മുൻപിൽ സാദര പ്രണാമങ്ങൾ.. </div>
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സത്യം സനാതനംhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13094826040532201226noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-752466280796282316.post-25962929199143512442013-04-23T10:17:00.001-07:002013-04-23T10:17:42.289-07:00ഹനുമത് ജയന്തി<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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"അതുലിതബലധാമം ഹേമശൈലാഭദേഹം<br />ദനുജവനകൃശാനും ജ്ഞാനിനാമഗ്രഗണ്യം<br />
സകലഗുണനിധാനം വാനരാണാമധീശം<br />രഘുപതിപ്രിയഭക്തം വാതജാതം നമാമി"</blockquote>
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വീരതയുടെയും,
നിസ്വാർത്ഥ സേവനത്തിൻറെയും, നിഷ്കാമ ഭക്തിയുടെയും, ധൈര്യത്തിന്റെയും
എക്കാലത്തെയും ഉജ്വലമായ പ്രതീകമാണ് വീര ഹനുമാൻ. സ്വാമി വിവേകാനന്ദൻ
യുവാക്കൾക്ക് ഏറ്റവും ഉത്തമമായ മാതൃകയായ് നിർദ്ദേശിച്ചത് ശ്രീ
ഹനുമാനെയായിരുന്നു. അത് കൊണ്ട് തന്നെ ഹനുമത് ജയന്തി ദിനം ധൈര്യത്തിന്റെയും,
ലക്ഷ്യ ബോധത്തിന്റെയും, അചഞ്ചലമായ ഇച്ഛാശക്തിയുടെയും ഒക്കെ ദിവസമാണ്.
എല്ലാവർക്കും സത്യം സനാതനത്തിൻറെ <div>
ഹനുമത് ജയന്തി ആശസകൾ</div>
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സത്യം സനാതനംhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13094826040532201226noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-752466280796282316.post-64562297491822654032013-04-18T23:54:00.001-07:002013-04-18T23:57:16.096-07:00Ramanavami Special - Lessons from Ramayana<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSszJTU0belTOe0dmx3IuhZsQhfBAOG4UlxU-1LfXW-mCmC2YG41R0uF7ozoXINxtStK3KdmrwFapiw3qryIRXd-oSKDisNuKnT4_3IkoQ3aZfpTpq1rTxQ-ho84IaZrwSyv6tGjDVIdBw/s1600/Sri+Ramanavi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSszJTU0belTOe0dmx3IuhZsQhfBAOG4UlxU-1LfXW-mCmC2YG41R0uF7ozoXINxtStK3KdmrwFapiw3qryIRXd-oSKDisNuKnT4_3IkoQ3aZfpTpq1rTxQ-ho84IaZrwSyv6tGjDVIdBw/s400/Sri+Ramanavi.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ramayana is just not a mythological story; it is one of the two
"Itihasas" most widely read in India. Itihas means "thus
happened". The Ramayana is considered the true story of Rama, the king of
Ayodhya. The great sage poet Valmiki, who wrote the magnum opus Ramayana was
the care-taker of Sita, Rama's wife, at the turbulent and concluding period of
her life. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The historic period or <i>Yuga</i> in which Rama lived
is known as the <i>Treta Yuga</i>, when <i>dharma</i> (righteousness)
and moral standards of people were generally of high order. In the subsequent
yuga (<i>Dwapar Yuga),</i> when the story of <i>Mahabharata</i> took
place and the present <i>Kali yuga</i> in which we live, dharma and
morality keep steadily declining. Thus the story of Ramayana, whenever read,
gives us a great insight into the very high moral and ethical standards of the
period. At times of mental turmoil, we get peace of mind by reading Ramayana.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Most of us are familiar with the story of Ramayana. However,
many of us are not fully conscious of the lessons that we can imbibe from a
reading of this Epic which has been the guiding light of our countrymen for
thousands of years. Listed below are some of the key insights among several
others that we can gain from Ramayana:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(1) Relationship between <i>Dharma, Artha</i>, <i>Kama</i> and <i>Moksha</i></span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Human life is generally spent in chasing materialism (Artha) and
sense pleasures (Kama). Ramayana makes it clear that these two pursuits should
never be at the cost of Dharma (righteousness). In upholding dharma, both artha
and Kama will perforce have to be pursued in moderation and with detachment.
The ultimate goal of life is Moksha (liberation) and it can be attained only by
relinquishing Artha and Kama and by strictly following a life of Dharma.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(2) Adherence to truth and the need to honor
one's word</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When Rama was a young boy, the love and affection his father
Dasarata had for him was immense. He never like to be separated from his son.
He promised to offer whatever help that the visiting Sage Viswamitra asked for;
but when the sage requested for Rama's help to fight the demons in the forest,
Dasarata was terribly shocked. But still, he agreed to part with Rama, to honor
his promise.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Later in time, when his third wife Kaikeyi wanted the throne of
Ayodhya for her own son Bharata and wanted Rama to be exiled to the forest, it
was nothing short of a deathly blow to Dasarata. But still, he never used his
kingly authority to decline her request, because of the promise he had made
long ago to Kaikeyi, to grant her two boons whenever she chose to ask for them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(3) Sacrificing one’s own interests to help
father honour his word.</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On the previous night of Rama's crowning ceremony, Kaikeyi
invoked the two boons her husband had promised her, thereby denying Rama his
right to the throne and sending him in exile to the forest. Rama, as the
rightful prince to the throne could have disobeyed his father. But Rama, true
to his greatness, with total detachment and without any trace of disappointment
reflecting on his face, obliged his father to honour the pledge. For Rama,
"pitru vakya paripalanam" (honoring his father's words) was one of
the highest dharmas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(4) The fickleness of
the mind: Kaikeyi listens to evil advice <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kaikeyi, an essentially good natured woman, allowed her maid
servant, Mandara, to persuade her into extracting the two devastating boons
from Dasarata. Though she was not enthusiastic in the beginning, she gradually
allowed Mandara's words to poison her mind. Did she gain anything finally by
asking these boons? No. She lost her husband, Dasarata, who died soon after the
departure of Rama to the forest, due the pain of separation from his beloved son.
Bharata, Kaikeyi's son, for whom she obtained the very kingdom, scolded her for
her evil act and even refused to assume kingship, when Rama was away in exile. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Now see a contrast: Upon hearing the developments, Lakshmana,
the most beloved brother of Rama, who was by nature short tempered, got
instantly flared up. He could not just tolerate the injustice meted out to
Rama. He wanted Rama to fight for his rights; he wanted to proceed and fight
with his father and imprison Kaikeyi. But the ever sober Rama, never heeded to
his counsel. He pacified Lakshmana with soothing words, pointing out the need
for adhering to dharma. The effect of Rama's counseling not only pacified
Lakshmana, but also gave him a steely resolve to relinquish his own comforts of
the palace in order to accompany Rama to the forest, despite Rama’s objections.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(5) Refusal to accept unjust reward </span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bharata, the son of Kaikeyi, is another sterling character in
Ramayana, who could not accept the idea of usurping the throne that belonged to
Rama. He could not forgive his mother for her misdeed. Bharat goes to the
forest to bring his brother and requests him to return to rule the kingdom. As
Rama declines the request, he carries back on his head Rama's footwear and
places it on the throne of Ayodhya and rules as a representative of Rama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(6) The danger of getting trapped by illusory
attractions</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sita, in the forest, got madly attracted by a beautiful golden
deer. She refused to heed to her husband's counsel that such a deer could not
be a natural one and it could be a demon in disguise. It is her obsession to
acquire the deer that forced Rama to go after it. It paved the way for her
getting separated from him and getting abducted by the raakshasa king, Ravana.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(7) Giving up one’s life fighting injustice </span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jatayu, the aged and once powerful bird, who noticed Ravana
abducting Sita forcibly and flying with her in his vehicle towards his country
Lanka, fought valiantly to obstruct Ravana and release Sita, but could not
succeed in its effort. The bird sacrificed its life in such a noble effort.
Before breathing its last, Jatayu managed to convey the news to Rama, who,
moved to tears by the courage of the old bird, performed the last rites at its
funeral, as though he was the son of Jatayu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(8) Divine love transcends all barriers of
caste and creed</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Guha, a devoted boatman, helped Rama, Lakshmana and Sita to
cross Ganga river on his boat. He was accepted as a brother by Rama even though
he belonged to the supposedly lower caste fishermen community. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Likewise, Rama treats Sabari, an old woman from a lower caste,
like his own mother when he reaches her hut during his wanderings in the forest
in search of Sita. Sabari, who was very
devoted to Rama, offers fruits to him after biting into each one of them first,
to ensure that she did not offer any sour fruits. Rama instead of being
offended, gladly accepts them, acknowledging her genuine devotion. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(9) Humility as a great virtue</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hanuman, the minister of the Vanar King, Sugriva, is one of the
great characters of Ramayana. Hanuman had several great qualities: he was very
strong physically, was a great diplomat, was very erudite in speech and was
very wise. Yet his humility was unsurpassed. The moment he met Rama, he was
attracted by Rama's divinity and charm and he committed himself to be a
life-long devotee of Rama. The great feats he could accomplish in the service
of Rama were unmatched and the humility he displayed, despite his greatness,
was truly humbling.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(10) Showing mercy even to the enemy</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ravana's younger brother Vibhishana was a righteous person who
was bold enough to warn and advice Ravana against his act of immorality in
abducting the wife of another person. When the furious Ravana threw him out of
Lanka, Vibhishana approached Rama and surrendered at his feet. Despite
reservations from Sugriva and others, Rama accepted Vibhishana and gave him
refuge.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On the occasion of the first fiery combat between Rama and
Ravana, Rama destroyed all the weapons and armor of Ravana; Ravana stood on the
war field, unprotected. Rama, who could have easily killed Ravana at that
moment, in one of the greatest acts of graciousness, asked Ravana to retire for
the day and return to the battle field the next day, fully re-armed, as it was
against dharma to kill an un-armed person.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(11) The need for highest standards in a King</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After killing Ravana and freeing Sita from confinement, Rama
asks Sita to prove her loyalty to him by entering fire. Sita pass the test
successfully and only after this does Rama accepts her as his wife once more.
But later, when he became King of Ayodhya, he comes to know of a washer man
talking ill of Rama for having accepted his wife Sita who had stayed in the
confinement of his enemy for months. Rama, who had great love for Sita, takes
the most painful decision of sending her to Valmiki’s ashram, just because he
had to maintain a very high standard of personal probity as the ruler of
Ayodhya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We can come across any number of lessons in dharma by reading
Ramayana in depth. It is no wonder that the Ramayana as a source book of
wonderful stories for children and elders alike, as a piece of literature and
as a source book for guidance in righteous living has stood the test of time.
It continues to inspire millions of people, cutting across all religious and
linguistic barriers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
സത്യം സനാതനംhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13094826040532201226noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-752466280796282316.post-32417674606363664942013-04-13T20:52:00.000-07:002013-04-13T21:26:03.935-07:00Re-Living the Jallianwala Bagh Incident on Canvas<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br /><div class="fbPhotoAlbumActions" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 14px; orphans: 2; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<div class="fbPhotoAlbumActionList fsm fwn fcg" style="color: grey; display: inline-block; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal;">
<abbr data-utime="1365620400" style="border-bottom-style: none;" title="April 11, 2013"></abbr></div>
</div>
<div class="fbPhotoInlineCaptionEditor fbPhotoAlbumHeaderText" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 14px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; padding-top: 20px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; width: 417px; word-spacing: 0px;">
<div class="fbPhotoCaption" style="line-height: 18px;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="fbPhotoCaptionText">As a tribute to the countless freedom fighters who sacrificed their souls for the country and as a tearful remembrance of the Jallianwala Bagh incident (April 13th, 1919), a narrative art painting event was organized in the Amritapuri campus of Amrita Vishwa Vidya Peetham. The event "Colour the Struggle" went a grant success when a group of artists not less than 50 did a simultaneous painting on water colour, depicting the different phases of freedom struggle.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="fbPhotoCaptionText"> </span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfM44OWJ1A7qD8yNmmWKUbxB5Kwu7a6NwigefED7IDREpDMqkZq6bfXoAPjlXTG_KDItkENckMqCml7cMPqoQIa7zUNoGzHCYJTWEGmyiAd25oy5N573s1r4InkIz-CMF0djs1a_LzRQTN/s1600/IMG_1324.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfM44OWJ1A7qD8yNmmWKUbxB5Kwu7a6NwigefED7IDREpDMqkZq6bfXoAPjlXTG_KDItkENckMqCml7cMPqoQIa7zUNoGzHCYJTWEGmyiAd25oy5N573s1r4InkIz-CMF0djs1a_LzRQTN/s1600/IMG_1324.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="fbPhotoCaptionText">More photos are available </span></span><a href="https://plus.google.com/photos/116141377836035468250/albums/5866544239944030529?authkey=CNe__sePtqCSeA" target="_blank">here</a></div>
</div>
</div>
സത്യം സനാതനംhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13094826040532201226noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-752466280796282316.post-72664495814934552902013-04-13T07:51:00.002-07:002013-04-13T07:51:09.716-07:00Jallianwala Bagh- some thoughts<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h2 align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: ML-TTKarthika;">Pmenb³ hmem_mKv- </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">- </span><span style="font-family: ML-TTKarthika;">hoc kac tk\m\nIfpsS Ncn{Xw</span></h2>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: ML-TTKarthika;"></span><br />
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: ML-TTKarthika;">B\´p Fkv ]nÅ*</span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLqVlcBG8FsIU4iZz7Z6hnse6QUi2KadAwzQ9Oza04tnvBTy0aUkEAxHlxRSKEWjQnGiePXrzVfTc72Rde90sY3jyh1kB6g4FETQMRRanulFO5ZOTpDNRdwpGxVPISz1LJqTySGWS8zBbv/s1600/IMG_1354.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLqVlcBG8FsIU4iZz7Z6hnse6QUi2KadAwzQ9Oza04tnvBTy0aUkEAxHlxRSKEWjQnGiePXrzVfTc72Rde90sY3jyh1kB6g4FETQMRRanulFO5ZOTpDNRdwpGxVPISz1LJqTySGWS8zBbv/s400/IMG_1354.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: ML-TTKarthika;">càkm£nXzw
F¶ hm¡ns\ CÔy³ kzmX{´y kac Ncn{X¯n Nph¶ ajnbn tcJs¸Sp¯nb kw`hamWv Pmenb³
hmem_mKv Iq«s¡me. `mcX¯n C¶v e`nç¶ kzmX{´yw Aë`hnç¶ Hmscm `mcXobêw Cu
Ncn{Xw Adnªncn¡Ww.Xm³ Im Nhn«n \nÂç¶ a®n càw hmÀ¶v Im XfÀ¶v hoW Hê
Iq«w hoc kac tk\m\nIfpsS Ncn{Xw.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: ML-TTKarthika;">1919 amÀ¨v, {_n«ojv Kh×ânsâ "sdueäv BIväv' F¶ Icn\nbaw ]mÊm¡n. hmdâv
IqSmsX Bscbpw AsdÌv sN¿mëw hnNmcW IqSmsX Xq¡nteämëw Cu \nbaw Kh×ân\v A[nImcw
\evIn. P\§sf ASnaIfm¡m³ km[nç¶ Cu \nba¯ns\Xnsc cmPyamkIew {]t£m`§Ä
Act§dn. ]©m_nse sIm¬{KÊv t\Xm¡fmbnê¶ sUm. kXy]mÂ, skbv^p±o³ In¨vep F¶nhsc
t]meoÊv AsdÌv sNbvXv XShnem¡n. Cu kw`hs¯ XpSÀ¶v 1919 amÀ¨v 10 AarÕcnÂ
lÀ¯memNcn¨p.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: ML-TTKarthika;">AarÕÀ
sU]|«n I½ojWdpsS ho«nte¡v \S¶ {]Xntj[ dmenç t\sc t]menÊv \nd Hgn¨p. tcmjmæecmb
P\¡q«w kÀ¡mÀØm]\§Äç Xosh¨p. XpSÀìmb kw`h§fn \nch[nt]À acWaSªp. CtX
XpSÀ¶v ]©m_n ]«mf \nbaw GÀs¸Sp¯n. Pmenb³ hmem_mKv Iq«s¡mebpsS aqeImcWw Cu
kw`hhnImk§Ä Bbnêì. 1919 G{]n 13 knJpImêsS sshimen DÕh Zn\ambnê¶ A¶mWv {_n«ojv
]«mf¯nsâ sXm¡n³ ægepIÄ `mcXmw_bpsS icoc¯n apdn¸mSpIÄ {knjv«n¨Xv. \nc´camb
kacapdIfpw A{Ia§fpw ImcWw ]©m_nsâ `cW¨paXe ssk\nI ta[mhnbmbnê¶ sP\d Ubdnë
\ÂæIbpmbn. AXns\ XpSÀ¶v t]menÊnsâbpw ssk\y¯nsâbpw AXn{Ia§fn {]Xntj[n¡m³ 1919
G{]n 13\v Pmenb³ hmem_mKv kvIzbdn Hê {][ntj[ sbmKw tNÀì. Npäpw sI«nS§fpw
Dbcw IqSnb aXn s¡«pambnêì kvIzbdnëmbnê¶Xv.]pd¯p IS¡m³ CSXqÀ¶ Hê sNdnb IhmSw
am{Xw. F´psImpw e£Wsam¯ Hê æêXn¡fambnêì Pmenb³ hmem_mKv.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: ML-TTKarthika;">AarÕÀ
sU]|«n I½ojWdpsS ho«nte¡v \S¶ {]Xntj[ dmenç t\sc t]menÊv \nd Hgn¨p. tcmjmæecmb
P\¡q«w kÀ¡mÀØm]\§Äç Xosh¨p. XpSÀìmb kw`h§fn \nch[nt]À acWaSªp. CtX
XpSÀ¶v ]©m_n ]«mf \nbaw GÀs¸Sp¯n. Pmenb³ hmem_mKv Iq«s¡mebpsS aqeImcWw Cu
kw`hhnImk§Ä Bbnêì. 1919 G{]n 13 knJpImêsS sshimen DÕh Zn\ambnê¶ A¶mWv {_n«ojv
]«mf¯nsâ sXm¡n³ ægepIÄ `mcXmw_bpsS icoc¯n apdn¸mSpIÄ {knjv«n¨Xv. \nc´camb
kacapdIfpw A{Ia§fpw ImcWw ]©m_nsâ `cW¨paXe ssk\nI ta[mhnbmbnê¶ sP\d Ubdnë
\ÂæIbpmbn. AXns\ XpSÀ¶v t]menÊnsâbpw ssk\y¯nsâbpw AXn{Ia§fn {]Xntj[n¡m³ 1919
G{]n 13\v Pmenb³ hmem_mKv kvIzbdn Hê {][ntj[ sbmKw tNÀì. Npäpw sI«nS§fpw
Dbcw IqSnb aXn s¡«pambnêì kvIzbdnëmbnê¶Xv.]pd¯p IS¡m³ CSXqÀ¶ Hê sNdnb IhmSw
am{Xw. F´psImpw e£Wsam¯ Hê æêXn¡fambnêì Pmenb³ hmem_mKv.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: ML-TTKarthika;">A[nImc{`m´pw Al¦mchpw AÔ\m¡nb sP\À UbÀ¡v cmPy¯nsâ \oXn¡v thn kacw sN¿m³
Xp\nªhtcmSp shdp¸mbnêì. {]Xntj[tbmKw sP\Àensâ I®n Xt¶mSpw Xsâ
kqcy\kvXan¡m¯ km{amPyt¯mSpw DÅ shÃphnfnbmWv ImWs¸«Xv.90 Hmfw AwK§Ä AS§p¶ Hê
tk\bpambv sP\d kvIzbÀ hfªp. \ndª cmPykvt\lhpw tZihnImcw sImp hncnª s\©pIfpw
\ndª I®pIfpambv \n¶ B hoc ]p{X·mÀ¡v t\sc \ndsbmgn¡m³ sP\d Xsâ ssk\nItcmSv
BÚm]n¨p.]ncnªp t]mIm³ t]mepapÅ ap¶dnbn¸v XcmsXbmbnêì Cu \c lXybpsS Bcw`w.
\ncmbp[cmbv kam[m\]qÀÆw tbmKw tNÀ¶nê¶ B `mcX]p{X·mÀç t\sc 10 an\nt«mfw
shSnsh¸p \Sì.16 Npäv shSn {_n«ojv ssk\nIÀ DXnÀ¯nêì. ""shSnbp
XoÀìs]mbXpsImpam{XamWv shSnshbv¸v \nÀt¯n h¶sX¶v'' ]n¶oSp B {_n«vjv sP\dÂ
]dªp. 379 t]À shSnsh¸n acn¨p F¶mWv {_n«ojv kÀ¡mÀ ]dªXv. F¶m acn¨hêsS F®w
1800Â ]cw Bbnêì. ]cnt¡ähêsS F®w 1100Â IqSpXepw Bbnêì.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: ML-TTKarthika;">Iq«s¡mebn {]Xntj[n¨p cho{µ\mY SmtKmÀ kÀ kv°m\w Dt]£n¨p. kn.i¦c³ \mbÀ
ssht{kmbnbpsS FIvknI|«ohv sIu³knen \n¶v cmPnhípIbpw sNbvXp. Pmenb³ hmem_mKv
Iq«s¡mebpambv _Ôs¸«v Ubdpw i¦c³ \mbêambv tIkv \Sì. ]n¶oSv ]©m_nse tZikvt\ln
D±mav knwKv Cw¥n t]mbn sP\d Ubsd 1940 amÀ¨v 13\v shSnsh¨vsImì. B {In¯yXn\v B
`mcX]p{Xs\ 1940 Ppsse 31\v Xq¡nteän Imew ISì t]mbn. `mcXw kzX{´ambn.
`mcX¯nsâ Ncn{X¯n I®otcmsSbpw A`nam\t¯msSbpw \½Ä Xocnªp t\mç¶ Hê Ncn{Xambv
Pmenb³ hmem_mKv amdn. 1963 acn¨hêsSbpw ]cnt¡ähêsSbpw HmÀ½ív B cà`qanbnsemê
kvamcIw DbÀì. G{]n 13 Hê P\XbpsS a\Ên I®ocnsâ HmÀ½çdn¸pIfmbv. ]n¶oSp ]e
alm·mêw Xsâ A`n{]mb§Ä tcJs¸Sp¯n. {_n«ojv ap³ {][m\a{´n hn³Ìv¬ NÀ¨n cm£kob
IrXyw Fìw tUhnUv Imadq¬ {_n«ojv Ncn{X¯nse Gähpw henb \Wt¡sS¶v Pmenb³
hmem_mKv Iq«s¡mesb hntijn¸n¨p.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: ML-TTKarthika;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: ML-TTKarthika;">C{Xbpw
hmçIfn HXp§p¶Xà Cu {InXnbpsS hyàamb apJw. Hê cNbnXmhv F¶ \nebn AXnsâ 10
iXam\w t]mepw \n§fnteív F¯n¡m³ Ignªn«nÃ. ]s£ \nev¡q Nn´nç FhntS¡mWv \½Ä
Nenç¶Xv, BcmWv \½sf BIÀjnç¶Xv . C{Xbpw cmPykvt\lhpw [ocXbpw Xpfpw_nb hoc·mÀ
Pohn¨nê¶ a®mWnXv. AhÀ AhêsS Poh³ shSnªXv `mcXs¯ `mcXambv ImWm\mWv. \½Ä Cs¸mÄ
`mcXs¯ aäp cmPy§fpsS coXnbnteçw kwkvImc¯nteçw hen¨ngípIbmWv. ]tcXcmb B
[oc·mtcmSv Aev¸w BZchp tXmìì F¦n \½psS kwkvImcs¯ _lpam\nçI AXns\ kwc£nçI.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: ML-TTKarthika;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
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സത്യം സനാതനംhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13094826040532201226noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-752466280796282316.post-14571920979923853092013-04-12T20:08:00.001-07:002013-04-12T20:24:05.736-07:00THE MASSACRE-then and now…<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sucheth Sunil *</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyDjdIop3fldO3B463kQGGBHKGxWqWgtLyN8k4s94B-3NOqiyFPOWWTjfFu9MQYup4T7gfgIvUIIcxbgCMGRmExp7oZho_N907E75D5ZP6y_ksqXSYkDalyqJuYpNM_U4KYwSZGahFM-gx/s1600/IMG_1353.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyDjdIop3fldO3B463kQGGBHKGxWqWgtLyN8k4s94B-3NOqiyFPOWWTjfFu9MQYup4T7gfgIvUIIcxbgCMGRmExp7oZho_N907E75D5ZP6y_ksqXSYkDalyqJuYpNM_U4KYwSZGahFM-gx/s400/IMG_1353.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">As was the routine, hundreds flocked to Amritsar...for the Baisakhi day. Punjab was prepping up for the new-year…The new year, for many, had to be at the holy land, the golden temple….<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">It was the April of 1919 …India was at unrest…the leader had called out to his people….Gandhiji had asked for help from all Indians <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to save their mother….he’d asked India to come up ,hold hands and with the power of their sacrifice <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bring down the British Raj. This Mahathma was a new leader in the national scene…but his ways were one of peace and non-violence…something which had promise and hope in the sheer fact that there was no way the oppressors could retaliate to such an uprising. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Rowlatt Act of 1919 had been passed against the civil unrest and the Mahathma had called for an uprising against this Act.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gandhiji’s call for an uprising was met with an unexpected response and thousands came up<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in protest. Punjab especially saw a mass uprising and violent protests.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">On the 13<sup>th</sup> of April nearly 15000 to 20000 people gathered at the ground of Jallianwala Bagh near Harmandir Sahib for a peaceful protest . What was another brainchild of the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>great nonviolent protest was turned into a catastrophic disaster. General Dyer on the order of Lieutenant Governor Michael O' Dwyer , commanded<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>his regiments to open fire at the mass gathered there. Hundreds of innocent<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Indians who knew nothing but that they would get their freedom by nonviolence, met with their calamitous fate on the day.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The incident <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was one of the worst massacres modern India has ever seen …..but at the end of this sorrowful tale comes the question : failures teach us and this was indeed a big failure for us …we failed to avoid such a brutal killing of our own brothers …so, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">what DID we learn from this failure</b> ?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jallianwala bagh massacre today remains confined to 4 or 5 pages in our history texts …but those history texts state no substantial retaliation to this massacre…..and the few that exist are seldom given the respect…</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Udham Singh …a youth from punjab , was one of the many who had a burning fire of revenge against<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the oppressors…but unlike the many he let not this fire remain dormant …this brave young man ,trained himself and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>felt free to breath again only after he killed Michael O’Dwyer in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Britain…</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">So <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">what CAN we learn from this failure? </b>….of course not all of us can follow Udham singh’s path...but friends just look around…is India’s situation today any better than the day after Jallianwala Bagh massacre? The independence came in 1947 and we became a republic in 1950…but how privileged do we today feel as Indians…we are a nation with a glorious past but the last two centuries were like whips blown on our cheeks…today,though, we are at least free to think and the responsibility to restore our lost glory lies in our hands….</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Clean bureaucrats, corruption free government offices, dedicated soldiers and patriotic citizens are the need of the moment. The nation wants us, this generation, to rise and with the infinite potential of our culture and the treasures of our past, to restore its lost glory….</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">If we decide to resurrect the glory today, as individuals and as a nation …I’m sure we’ll be able to stop this metaphorical massacres we are now facing….let’s learn a lesson from the past...let’s make this sacrifice for the martyrs of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre !</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">JAI HIND! JAI BHARAT!</span></b><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">*S2 ECE, ASE, Amritapuri </span></b><br />
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സത്യം സനാതനംhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13094826040532201226noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-752466280796282316.post-8448917717140158022013-02-23T22:00:00.001-08:002013-02-23T22:11:05.417-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: red; font-size: large;">Understanding Sanatana Dharma Part 6</span></h3>
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(19) <span style="font-family: ML-TTKarthika; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b>]© almbÚ§Ä </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: ML-TTKarthika; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">EjnbÚw, tZhbÚw,
\rbÚw, ]nXrbÚw, `qXbÚw F¶nhbmWv ]© almbÚ§Ä . B²ymßnIimkv{X ]T\amWv EjnbÚw. ]qP,
tlmaw XpS§nb Bcm[\IÀ½§sf tZhbÚ¯n s]Sq¯nbncnçì. temIs¯ Hä æSpw_ambnIv kvt\lnç¶XmWv
\rbÚw AYhm aëjybÚw. amXm]nXm¡fpsS kwc£WamWv ]nXrbÚw. `qXbÚ¯n ]£narK§fpsS
]cn]me\amWv. Cu ]©bÚ§fmWv KrlØm{ianIÄ AëjvTnt¡Xv. {]IrXnbn \n¶v \½Ä FSpç¶Xnsâ
Hcwiw aS¡n \ÂIm³ \½Ä _m²yØcmWv F¶ Bib¯n \n¶mWv ]©bÚ§Ä DSseSp¯Xv. FÃm tZi¯pw FÃm
Ime¯pw P\§Ä ]ckv]cw kvt\l¯nepw sFIy¯nepw {]IrXn \nbaaëkcn¨pw Pohnçhm³ \s½
]Tn¸nç¶ Hê XXzw IqSn Cu bÚ§fnepv.</span></div>
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സത്യം സനാതനംhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13094826040532201226noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-752466280796282316.post-32610379122136032392012-10-27T21:04:00.001-07:002013-02-23T21:50:52.004-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: red; font-size: large;">Understanding Sanatana Dharma Part 5</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;">(18) </span><span style="font-size: large;">Astanga Yoga of Patanjali</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> Yoga is not merely a series of stretching exercises. It is a complete darsanam, or philosophy, born out of the mind of Patañjali. As such, it has its own specific ideas regarding the nature of jìva [the individual soul], jagat [the universe], ìsvara [God], samsara [bondage], moksha [liberation from bondage], and sàdhana [the means to attaining liberation from bondage].</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> Today, as a complete philosophy, the Yoga Darsanam is not widely followed. However with millions of people throughout the world becoming more and more interested in hatha-yoga àsanas and meditation, Patañjali’s system for personality refinement outlined as part of the philosophy is thriving indeed. This system is known astanga yoga. Not only is the astanga-yoga system practiced to some degree or the other by millions of hatha-yoga practitioners and meditators worldwide, but it has also been accepted as a tried-and-true system for personality refinement by other Indian darsanams that are more widely followed today, such as Advaita Vedànta.</span></div>
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<a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B84Aw6gKHID4N1lpUzl2SXd5cnc/edit" target="_blank">an article on astanga yoga is available here</a><br />
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സത്യം സനാതനംhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13094826040532201226noreply@blogger.com0